Chapter 18: Industrial Revolution

and European Society

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it
was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it
was the time of belief, it was the time of incredulity
 I. The Industrial Revolution

Powered machines
Modern factory system
Technological developments
Impact on society
A) Beginnings of Industrialism

Important factors in British society:

Adequate food supply
Large and mobile labor force
Expansion of trade
Social and political climate
A) Beginnings of Industrialism

Agricultural Revolution
Jethro Tull
Seed drill
Charles Townshend
System of crop rotation
 A) Beginnings of Industrialism

Agricultural Revolution
Robert Bakewell
Breeding of farm animals
Enclosure movement
A) Beginnings of Industrialism

The Textile Industry

Cotton manufacturing
John Kay
Flying shuttle
James Hargreaves
Spinning jenny
A) Beginnings of Industrialism

The Textile Industry

Richard Arkwright
Spinning frame
Father of the
Industrial Revolution
Samuel Crompton
Spinning mule
 A) Beginnings of Industrialism

The Textile Industry

Eli Whitney
Cotton gin
A) Beginnings of Industrialism

The Factory System

Workers, raw materials, and machinery
Locations of factories
Four significant changes for the worker:
 B) Changes for the Worker

1. Often moved to an urban

environment
2. No longer owned his own tools
 B) Changes for the Worker

3. No longer controlled the number of

hours he worked per day or the pace
at which he worked
4. More often away from family
C) Development of Industrialism

Not all countries embraced industrialism

equally
Iron and Steel Production
Henry Cort
Sir Henry Bessemer
 C) Development of
Industrialism

New Sources of Power

James Watt
Steam engine
Electric dynamo
Oil
C) Development of Industrialism

Transportation
Turnpike trusts in Britain
John McAdam
Canals
Railroads
Richard Trevithick
C) Development of Industrialism

Transportation
Robert Fulton
Steamboat
C) Development of Industrialism

Transportation
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Airplane
C) Development of Industrialism

Transportation
Henry Ford
Automobile
C) Development of Industrialism

Mass Production
Automation
Interchangeable
parts
Division of labor
Assembly line
 Science and Industry
Chemistry
Inventors
Thomas Edison
C) Development of Industrialism

Business Finance
Large corporations
Banks
D) Consequences of Industrialism

Living and Working Conditions

Housing in cities
Often crowded slums
Working day
Safety
D) Consequences of Industrialism

Increased Population and Productivity

Better nourishment
Higher standard of living
Population growth
Reduced prices
D) Consequences of Industrialism

Evaluation of the Industrial Age

Some see nothing but evil
Some gloss over the problems
Problems are the result of sin
II. Responses to the Industrial
Revolution
A) Response of Government

Social Reform
Factory Act (1833)
Poor Law (1834)
Mines Act (1842)
Ten Hour Bill (1847)
A) Response of Government

Social Reform
William Wilberforce
Slave trade abolished in 1807
Slavery abolished in 1833
A) Response of Government

Economic Reform
Corn Laws
Political Reform
Reform Bills
Reform Bill of 1832
Chartism
Its demands
Reform Bill of 1867
A) Response of Government

Disraeli and Gladstone

Alternated as prime minister
Benjamin Disraeli
Leader of Tory Party
Public health and housing
Foreign affairs
A) Response of Government

Disraeli and Gladstone

William Gladstone
Leader of Liberal Party
Statesman of strong character, religious faith
Domestic reforms and education
Ireland
A) Response of Government

The Parliament Bill of 1911

House of Commons becomes supreme
governing body in Britain
Britain began to develop into a welfare state
1. Ideas of the Socialists

Belief that man is

basically good
Assumes the perfectibility
of man and society
Rejects the fact that sin is
at the root of all social evils
 Socialism

Government ownership of the means of

production and the distribution of goods
for the presumed welfare of society
Socialism

Socialism is a worldview.
It affects every area of life.
 Socialism

Man is by nature good; it is society that

has corrupted him.
If society can be improved, then man will
be improved, and injustice will cease.
 1. Ideas of the Socialists

Utopian Socialism
Proper surroundings and
education would solve all
problems
Robert Owen
Communities in Scotland
and at New Harmony,
Indiana
1. Ideas of the Socialists

Marxism
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Communist Manifesto
The history of class struggles
Dictatorship of the proletariat
Das Kapital
1. Ideas of the Socialists

Marxism
Economic forces determined the course of history
Perfect society: Communism
Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie
Revolution was the answer
Destroy Christianity
1. Ideas of the Socialists

Fabian Socialism
Desired socialist society without revolution
Gradually undermine capitalism
Urged the passage of welfare legislation
 1. Ideas of the Socialists

Christian Socialism
Theological liberals
Sought to establish an earthly millennium
Failed to see that the perfectibility of man
by man is contrary to Scripture
 2. A Christian Response

Concern of Christians
Needs and problems of people
Sin is at the root of all social ills
Sunday School movement
Robert Raikes
Teaching Jesus & reading and writing
2. A Christian Response

Concern of Christians
Orphanages
George Mueller
YMCA
Salvation Army
William Booth
2. A Christian Response

Concern of Christians
Revivals
Dwight L. Moody
Ira Sankey
Evangelistic campaigns in Britain and America
III. Changing Outlooks in
European Society
A) Faith in Scientific Progress

Expansion of scientific knowledge and

technology
Science became the source of hope for the future
A) Faith in Scientific Progress

Evolutionary
Outlook
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of
Species
The Descent of Man
Directly opposed
Scripture
A) Faith in Scientific Progress

Revolution in the Physical Sciences

John Dalton
Atomic Theory
Dmitri Mendeleev
Classification of chemical elements
A) Faith in Scientific Progress

Wilhelm Roentgen
X-rays
Henry Moseley
Pierre and Marie Curie
Ernest Rutherford
Atomic model
Niels Bohr
Albert Einstein
Theory of relativity
A) Faith in Scientific Progress

Impact of Science on Society

To many, science became a religion
Rejected authority of Gods Word in favor of
authority of scientific theory
Some tried to apply it to society
B) Challenges to Christianity

Rejection of authority of Scripture

Scientific approach
Miracles
Prophecies
Purpose and mission of the church
To change society?
B) Challenges to Christianity

Growing materialism
Secularization of society
Spirit of humanismexaltation of man above
God
Some believers remained faithful
IV. New Trends in the Arts

A) Realism
Charles Dickens
Hard Times
Thomas Hardy
A) Realism
Samuel Clemens
Mark Twain
Leo Tolstoy
B) Impressionism
French artists
Light
Auguste Renoir
B) Impressionism
Claude Monet
B) Impressionism
Auguste Rodin
Sculpture
The Thinker
C) Postimpressionism
Paul Czanne
Geometric emphasis
Forerunner of cubism
C) Postimpressionism
Vincent van Gogh
Distortion of figures
Forerunner of expressionism
B) Impressionism
Claude Debussy
French Composer greatest impressionist
B) Impressionism
Maurice Ravel French Composer; followed Debussy
B) Impressionism
Sergei Rachmaninov Russian Pianist and
Composer (big hands)
The End!