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Epidemiological research
Classification of designs
Qualitative methods
Quantitative methods
Choice of design
Epidemiological Research
Lab research: applies knowledge of basic sciences
towards development of procedures and strategies to
prevent, control and understand mechanisms of
health-related phenomena
Epidemic investigations: study of outbreaks, in local
populations, to identify agent(s), transmission
mode(s), and possible control measure(s)
Population-based (field) research: study of
distribution, determinants, control measures of health-
related phenomena in chosen populations, followed
by application of suitable biostatistical techniques
which may allow generalization of results
Data Collection Methods
Experimental
Observational
Basic
Hybrid
Incomplete
Qualitative Designs
Comparison (I)
Qualitative Quantitative
Understanding Prediction
Interview/observation Survey/questionnaires
Discovering frameworks Existing frameworks
Textual (words) Numerical
Theory generating Theory testing (experimental)
Quality of informant more important Sample size core issue in reliability of
than sample size data
Subjective Objective
Embedded knowledge Public
Models of analysis: fidelity to text or Model of analysis:parametric, non-
words of interviewees parametric
Comparison (II)
Qualitative Quantitative
Methods
Methods
Focus Groups
Observational
Interviews
Experimental
Surveys
Self-reports Mixed
Observations Sampling: Random
Document analysis (simple, stratified, cluster,
etc) or purposive
Sampling: Purposive
Quality Assurance:
Trustworthiness: Credibility,
Quality Assurance:
Confirmability, Dependability, Reliability: Internal and
Transferability External
Authenticity: Fairness, Validity: Construct,
Ontological, Educative, Content, Face
Tactical, Catalytic
Qualitative Research Types
Postpositivist Interpretivist Critical Alternative/
does not claim to provide multiple Arts-Based
universal answers but interpretations of the
seeks to ask questions same phenomena must
instead be allowed for, and
that no truth is
attainable
Biography Collage
Qualitative Research Techniques
Observing
Conversing
Participating
Interpreting
Qualitative Techniques (I)
Participant observation
Gains insight into understanding cultural patterns to
determine whats necessary and needed in tool development
(complementary to interviews)
Interviews/Focus groups with stakeholders
Explores how tools are used and could be used in a novice
programming course
Gains insight into the meaning of tools for students for
learning to program
Qualitative Techniques: (II)
Data analysis
Themes arising from data would provide insight into current
learning to program issues and see what is important to
students / teachers / administrators
Survey
Useful for verifying results on a larger scale
User Testing
Useful for triangulating results
Rigor in Qualitative Research
Dependabilit
y
Credibility
Transferabilit
y
Confirmabilit
y
Quantitative Designs
Quantitative designs
free of
disease Factor disease
absent
no disease
present
future
time
Study begins here
Ecological studies (I)
time
Study begins here (baseline point)
Types of trials
T r ia l
C o n tr o lle d N o t c o n tr o lle d
R a n d o m is e d N o t r a n d o m is e d
B lin d e d N o t b lin d e d
RCT Advantages (I)
Depends on:
Research Questions
Research Goals
Researcher Beliefs and Values
Researcher Skills
Time and Funds
Choice of design (II)
Theme
Ease
Timing
Maintenance and continuity
Costs
Ethics
Data utilisation
Main contribution
Observer bias
Selection bias
Analytic output
Overlap in the conceptual basis
of quantitative study designs
Epidemiological research
Classification of designs
Qualitative methods
Quantitative methods
Choice of design
References
1. Porta M. A dictionary of epidemiology. 5th edition.
Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
2. Rothman J, Greenland S. Modern
epidemiology. Second edition. Lippincott -
Raven Publishers, 1998.
3. Bhopal R. Study design. University of Edinburgh.
4. NLM. An introduction to Clinical trials. U.S.
National Library of Medicine, 2004
5. Songer T. Study designs in epidemiological
research. In: South Asian Cardiovascular Research
Methodology Workshop. Aga-Khan and Pittsburgh
universities.
Thanks for your kind
attention
and listening