KH3254

KEJURUTERAAN
LEBUHRAYA
GROUP 1
PROF dr amiruddin
ismail
 GROUP MEMBER

SUHANA BINTI ISMAIL

A 150705
MUHAMMAD HAKIMI BIN HARUN
A 149510
NUR ASYIQIN BINTI AZMAN
A 150128
MUNIROH BINTI BAHARIN @ BAHADON
A 149001
OBJECTIVE
o The data is to be used for assessing general
speed trends and for setting speed limits.
o To observe the pattern of speed trend
o To perform simple statistical on speed samples
collected and interpret the result obtained.
DEFINITION
Spot Speed is the average speed of vehicles
passing a point, or the time mean speed.
Spot Speed studies - conducted to estimate
the distribution of speeds of vehicles in a
stream of traffic at a particular location on a
highway.
Carried out by recording the speeds of a
sample of vehicles at a specified location.
APPLICATION OF SPOT SPEED
For speeds at the problem locations
To determine whether speeds are too high and if
complaints received are justified
For traffic operation:
o To establish speed limits
o To determine safe speeds at curves
For geometric design features
Speed Limit Studies
Establishing Speed Trends
Specific Design Applications
Specific Control Applications
Investigation of High Accident Locations
 Location of
spot speed
studies
generally used Location represent
for different different traffic
applications conditions on a
highway or
highways used for
basic data
collection.

LOCATION
FOR SPOT
SPEED
STUDIES Mid-blocks or urban
highways and
straight, level
section or rural
highways are sites
Any location may for speed trend
be used for the analyses.
solution of a
specific traffic
engineering
problem
 CHARACTERISTIC OF
LOCATION
Trend locations:
Straight, level, open sections of rural
highways
Midblock locations on urban streets

Problem locations
High accident frequency purposes
At points where the installation of traffic signals and traffic
signs is contemplated
 FACTORS EFFECT SPOT SPEED
STUDIES

DRIVER - distance of his trip, the no. of passengers, age

residence;

VEHICLE - including type, age, weight, manufacturer and

horse power;

ROADWAYS & ENVIRONMENT- including the graphic locations,

type, grade, sight distance, no. of lanes frequency and
spacing of intersections, including volume, density, passing,
passing movements, speed regulations, including time of day
and weather
METHOD OF CONDUCTING SPOT
SPEED STUDIES
Manual
Automatic
o Road Detectors
o Doppler-Principle Meters
o Electronic-Principle Detectors

Spot speeds may be estimated by manually

measuring the time it takes a vehicle to travel
between two defined points on the roadway a
known distance apart (short distance).
Manual methods are seldom used these days.
 METHOD OF CONDUCTING SPOT
SPEED STUDIES
STOP WATCH METHOD
To observe the time required by a vehicle to cover a short
distance.
With the direct timing procedure
Two reference points are located at a roadway at a fixed
distance apart.
Observer starts and stops a stopwatch as a vehicle enters
and leaves the test section.
It is most uncomplicated way.
Disadvantage because of parallax effect
RADAR METER METHOD
Use radar meter that can be hand-held or mounted on a
vehicle or tripod.
The meter is easily operated by one person and
automatically displays vehicle speed.
A staff member simply pulls the trigger or points the
meter at a vehicle and, as the meter displays the vehicles
speed, records the speed on the data collection sheet.
Agency staff must be physically on site to collect data.
They will need a radar meter, backup batteries, a tripod
(optional), manual data collection forms (again, sample
forms are included in the handbook), and a hardhat and
safety vest.
Staff should select the appropriate time of day for collecting
data. They will also need to determine a strategy for
targeting vehicles randomly (for example, every fifth vehicle).
The traffic observation location should be out of sight of
motorists; if drivers see the radar meter, they may slow
down, skewing study results.
PNEUMATIC ROAD TUBE METHOD
Used for more extensive, long-term data collection.
Pneumatic tubes are placed in the travel lanes, attached to
the pavement, and connected to recorders on the side of
the road.
Vehicles pass over the tubes, the recorders gather vehicle
data that is used to calculate vehicle speeds.
The automatic recorders can collect large amounts of data,
which can be downloaded to a disk or computer.
The pneumatic equipment is more expensive and the setup
more extensive.
The recorders cannot automatically collect vehicle
classification data, so that information, if needed, has to be
collected by other means.
 Radar Meter Method

Pneumatic Road Tube

Method
 TIME AND DURATION
The time of day for conducting a speed study depends on the
purpose of the study.
If purpose of the study is to
establish posted speed limits
to observe speed trends
to collect basic data
Recommended that the study be conducted when traffic is free flowing, usually
during off-peak hours.
Speed study conducted in response to citizen complaints - it is
useful if the time period selected for the study reflects the nature of
the complaints.
The duration of the study should be such that the minimum number
of vehicle speeds required for statistical analysis is recorded.
The duration is at least 1 hour and the sample size is at least 30
vehicles.
 SAMPLE SIZE
Average Speed
Arithmetic mean of all observed vehicle speed

Median Speed
the speed that divides the distribution into halves. There are as
many drivers traveling at speeds higher than the median as are
driving slower than it. On the cumulative frequency distribution
curve, 50th percentile sped is the median speed.
Modal Speed
The single value of speed that is most likely to occurs.
Pace
defined as the 10 mph increment in speed in which the highest
percentage of drivers were observed. It is found using the
frequency distribution curve.
 The ith-percentile speed
The spot speed below which i percent of the vehicles travel, e.g.
85th-percentile speed
Standard Deviation
The most common measure of spread of data around a central
value.
 VOLUME STUDIES
Traffic volume is defined as the number of vehicles crossing a
section of road per unit time at any selected period. Traffic volume
studies are conducted to collect data on the number of vehicles
and/or pedestrians that pass a point on a highway facility during a
specified time period.

This time period varies from as little as 15 min to as much as a

year, depending on the anticipated use of the data.
 VOLUME
CHARACTERISTICS
Traffic volume studies are usually conducted
when certain volume characteristics are
needed, some of which follow:
Average
Average
Annual Peak Hour
Daily
Daily Volume
Traffic
Traffic (PHV)
(ADT)
(AADT)
Vehicle
Vehicle
Miles of
Classificati
Travel
on (VC)
(VMT)
 the average of 24-hour counts
collected every day of the year.
Average AADT use for:
Annual -estimation of highway user
Daily revenues.
Traffic -establishment of traffic volume
(AADT) trends.
-development of freeway and major
arterial streetofsystems.
the average 24-hour counts
collected over a number of days
Average greater than one but less than a
Daily year.
Traffic ADTs may be used for :
-planning of highway activities
(ADT)
- Measurement of current demand
-evaluation of existing traffic flow
 The maximum number of vehicles that
pas a point on a highway during a
Peak period of 60 consecutive minutes.
PHVs used for:
Hour - Functional classification of highways
Volume - Design of the geometric
(PHV) characteristic of highway (no. of lanes,
intersection signalization)
- Capacity analysis
With respect to the type of vehicles
for passenger cars, two-axle trucks, or
three-axle trucks.
Vehicle VCs is used in:
- Design geometric characteristic
Classifi (particular reference to turning-radii
cation requirements, maximum grade, lane
(VC) width)
- Adjustment of traffic counts obtained
by machines.
- Structural design of highway
pavements, bridges.
 Measure of travel
Vehicle along a section road.
Kilometer VKTs are used:
s of -allocating resources
Travel for maintenance and
(VKT) improvement of
highways.
 METHOD OF CONDUCTING
VOLUME COUNTS

The two basic methods of counting traffic are:

Manual
observation

Automatic
recording

Manual Count Method
Most applications of manual counts require
small samples of data at any given location.
sometimes used when the effort and expense
of automated equipment are not justified
Example :
Tally Sheets
Recording data onto tally sheets is the simplest
means of conducting manual counts. The data
can be recorded withatickmarkonapre-
preparedfieldform.Awatchor stopwatch is
necessary to measure the desired count
interval
Disadvantages of manual count method
It is subject to the limitations of human factor.
It is a labour intensive and therefore can be
expensive.
It cannot be used for long periods of counting.
Automatic Count Method

Surface
(Pneumatic
Require the road tube)
laying of
detector Subsurface
Automatic (Magnetic or
method Electric contact
Do not require device)
the laying of
detector
Pneumatic road
tube

Apollo traffic counter

Magnetic contact
device
Types of volume counts

Screen
Cordon
line Intersec Pedestri Periodic
counts
counts tion an volume
counts counts counts
Traffic flow data
presentation
Traffic flow maps

Intersection summary sheets

Time-based distribution
charts
Summary tables
Adjustment of periodic
time
Hourly expansion factors (HEFs) are
determined by the formula

Daily expansion factors (DEFs) are

computed as
 Monthly expansion factors (MEFs) are
computed as
Density
 The number of vehicles travelling
over a unit length of highway at an
instant in time
Also known as concentration
The unit length is usually 1 kilometer
(km)
The unit of density therefore vehicles
per km (veh/km)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENSITY
AND THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC
 When the density on the highway is 0, the flow is
also 0 because there is no vehicles on the highway.
As the density increases, the flow also increase
When the density is maximum (the jam density
(k),the flow must be 0 because vehicles will tend to
lined up end to end.
It follows that as density increases from 0, the flow
will also initially increase from 0 to maximum value.
Further continuous increase in density will then
result in continuous reduction of the flow, which will
eventually be 0 when the density is equal to the
jam density.