09.10.

2016 Palembang 1
09.10.2016 Palembang 2
 Germany wants to prohibit petrol and
diesel cars
not later then 2030

09.10.2016 Palembang 3
 Renewable Energy:

Wind Energy
Prof. Dr. Werner Rammensee

Palembang

09.10.2016
09.10.2016 Palembang 4
 Old Windmills in Netherlands

09.10.2016 Palembang 5
 Old Windmills in Netherlands

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 Old Windmills in Spain

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 Old Windmills in Greece

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 Old and new Windmills in Germany

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Modern Wind Turbines

09.10.2016 *many slides from L. Sankar

Palembang 10
 Turbine Evolution

Used for
Pumping water
Grinding grain

Mainly used for

Generating Electricity

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09.10.2016 Palembang 12
Electricity Generation in
Germany 2014

In 2015 more than 40 % of electricity in Germany is

produced from renewable resources (Wind, Bio,
PV)!
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Why so much Renewable Energy in Germany?
Economical reasons:
Enormous, unlimited resources (sun!), not like oil, gas, coal
Cheap, no fuel costs
Political reasons
Energy safety, Independence from fuel market
Legislative reasons
German Energieeinsparungsgesetz and EU laws with
Tax reduction, financial subsidies and
Obligations for high efficiency, like isolation of buildings and s.o
Environmental reasons
Nearly no emissions, sustainable, no contribution to the greenhouse effect .
Social reasons
Small units, farmers and house owners can contribute
Extra income, hundred thousands of new jobs

09.10.2016 Palembang 15
World capacity in Wind Power

09.10.2016 Palembang 16
 Global Wind Energy (Gigawatts) 2013--The
Big Five
100
90
80
70 2013
60 2012
50 2011
2010
40
2009
30 2008
20
10
0
China US Germany Spain India
09.10.2016 Palembang 17
 U.S. vs World Wind Power (in
Gigawatts)
350 2013
300

250

200
U.S.
150 World

100

50

09.10.2016 Palembang 18
 Windturbines

Some Theory
and
Technic

09.10.2016 Palembang 19
 Determining Factors
Wind Speed

Exact Location

Turbine design and construction

Rated capacity of the turbine

Improvements in turbine design

Capital

09.10.2016 Palembang 20
Wind Energy: some remarks

Theoretical power
of a wind turbine:

Power = A
3
V

With = density of air, A= area of

blade, V= windspeed

09.10.2016 Palembang 21
 Power Calculation

E 1
m
Wind kinetic energy: k 2 air v 2

Wind power: Pwind 12 airr 2 v 3

Pgenerated Cb N g N t Pwind
Electrical power:
Cb .35 (<.593 Betz limit)
Max value of P dE
dt 1
4 airr
v1 1
2 3

v2
v1
v2 2
v1
v2 3
v1

Ng .75 generator efficiency

Nt .95 transmission efficiency
09.10.2016 Palembang 22
 Optimization Opportunities

Turbine selection
Design (HAWTs vs VAWTs), vendor, size, quantity,
Turbine Height: 7th root law

vh
vg
7 h
g
Ph
7
3 h
g
Pg
h 0.43
g
Pg

Local topography (hills, ridges, )

Turbulence caused by other turbines
Prevailing wind strengths, direction, variance
Ground stability (support massive turbines)
Worlds Largest Wind Turbine
09.10.2016 Palembang (7+Megawatts,
23 400+ feet tall)
Wind capacity with heigh and
landscape

Students must learn, that the selection of an optimum

location is the most important factor:
Measurement of windspeed and (Areometer, computer
modelling
09.10.2016 Palembang 24
 Size of modern Wind
Turbines
(First and largest windturbine in Germany 1983
with 3 MW

09.10.2016 Palembang 25
MegawattPower (MW)
Average Size of Windturbines: 2-5 MW
Remember:

A Megawatt of Installed Capacity of Wind Generated

Electricity is enough to power about 270 homes.
Currently in Germany we are generating enough wind
energy to power about 10 million homes.
This means that 55 million tons of CO2 did not go into
the atmosphere last year.

09.10.2016 Palembang 26
Different design of windmills in dependance
of windspeed

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Types of Turbines
Vertical (VAWT) and Horizontal Axe (HAWT)
VAWT
Drag is the main force

Nacelle is placed at the bottom

Yaw mechanism is not required

Lower starting torque

Difficulty in mounting the turbine

Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

09.10.2016 Palembang 28
Two types of HAWT
DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE

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 HAWT

Lift is the main force

Much lower cyclic stresses

95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs

Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower
Yaw mechanism is required

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A Typical HAWT

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 Rotational control
Maintenance

Noise reduction

Centripetal force reduction

Mechanisms
Stalling
Furling

09.10.2016 Palembang 32
 Yaw Mechanism
To turn the turbine against the wind
Yaw error and fatigue loads
Uses electric motors and gear boxes

Wind turbine safety

Sensors controlling vibrations
Over speed protection
Aero dynamic braking
Mechanical braking

09.10.2016 Palembang 33
Improvements: Concentrators of
Air

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09.10.2016 Palembang 35
 Best location for
Windturbines

Onshore
Offshore

09.10.2016 Palembang 36
The wrong location... Low energy output

Whats wrong with this picture?

Proximity of turbines
Orientation w.r.t.
prevaling winds
Ignoring local topography

Near Palm Springs, CA

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09.10.2016 Palembang 38
 Internet-Link:
http://indonesia.windprospecting.com/
09.10.2016 Palembang 39
Favorable
Resource Areas
for Wind Energy

in
Sumba Island

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Favorable Resource
Areas for Wind
Energy in
West Timor

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World map with average offshore
windspeed

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 Offshore Wind Turbine design

09.10.2016 Palembang 43
Wind Power Advantages
and
Disadvantages

As long as the wind blows, you have energy

inputs
09.10.2016 Palembang 44
 Economic, Social and Environmental Advantages of
Wind Energy
from http://www.windustry.org

Revitalizes rural economies

Competitive
Free fuel Creates National
Price stability security/energy
Promotes cost-effective independence
energy production
No
Supports agriculture
emissions, some noise
Creates jobs
Clean
Localair
ownership
and water
No Mining &
CONTRA: transportation
Noise, only in nearest Land preservation
surrounding
Interferences with RADAR and TV
09.10.2016 Palembang 45
Wind Power Efficiency
Constantly improving

Larger turbines
Specialized blade design
Power electronics
Computer modeling produces more
efficient design
Manufacturing improvements
High sophisticated Computer
programs for selection of optimal site

09.10.2016 Palembang 46
Wind Power Advantages
It is perpetual
Wind speed increases during day as demand increases
Turbines inexpensive and quick to install
Reduced environmental impacts
Price stability
The wind is free it costs the same this year as the next, and
the next, and the next.
Reduced dependence on fossil fuel
More jobs per unit of energy
Long-term income to ranchers and farmers
09.10.2016 Palembang 47
Wind Power Disadvantages
Wind must blow 2/3rds of the time
Need 15-18 mph constant wind
Chops birds and RADAR waves
Often requires new infrastructure (powerlines)
Noisy
Ugly??

09.10.2016 Palembang 48
 Wind Power Battery

Main obstacle of wind power:

No sufficient solution for Storage of produced electric
energy

Since wind doesnt always blow at any given site it always requires
a backup, often coal, hydro, gas.

Creative Solution: Underground sequestration of compressed air.

Costs 6.5 cents/kWh to produce off peak; sell at 10 cents/kWh peak

09.10.2016 Palembang 49
 Energy Storage
Compressed-air storage
Surprisingly viable
Efficiency ~50%
Pumped hydroelectric
Cheap & scalable
Efficiency < 50%
Conversion of Electricity in Hydrogen
Fuel-cells: Hydrogen in Electricity
Not in industrial scale
Very expensive
Advanced battery
Cost prohibitive
Flywheel arrays (unviable)
Superconducting capacitors (missing technology)

09.10.2016 Palembang 50
 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage
Plant

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 Compressed-Air Storage
System
Windresource:
k=3,vavg=9.6m/s, 1.5 Slope~1.7
Pwind=550W/m2(Class5)
hA=5hrs. 1
CF=81%
PC=0.85PT PG=0.50PT 0.5 CF=76%
CF=72%
(1700MW) (1000MW) CF=68%
0 0.5 1 1.5

Comp

Gen
hS=10hrs.
Windfarm: (atPC)
PWF=2PT(4000MW) Eo/Ei=1.30
Spacing=50D2
vrated=1.4vavg Undergroundstorage Transmission:
09.10.2016 Palembang
PT=2000MW 52
 Life Cycle greenhouse gas emissions
Non-Renewable Energies vs. Renewable Energies

09.10.2016 Palembang 53
09.10.2016 Palembang 54
 Economy of Windpower

Costs

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 Wind Speed Matters

Assuming the same size

project, the better the
wind resource, the lower
the cost.

09.10.2016 Palembang 56
 Size Matters

Assuming the
same wind
speed of 8.08
m/s, a large
wind farm is
more
economical

09.10.2016 Palembang 57
 Is Wind Power Competitive?

US Dept. of Energy : Levelized Costs of new generation facilities in

2019

Hydropower 8.5 cents/kwh

New Wind 7.0 cents/kwh
New Coal 9.5 cents/kwh
New Natural Gas 6 10 cents/kwh
New Solar PV 12 cents/kwh
New Geothermal 4.8 cents/kwh
New Nuclear Highly Variable (???)

09.10.2016 Palembang 58
 Costs of Renewable Energies
2008

09.10.2016 Palembang 59
 Costs of Renewable Energies
2008

09.10.2016 Palembang 60
Overall cost distribution

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Break down of capital cost

09.10.2016 Palembang 62
 Future

Price of wind power is coming down

There is enormous capacity

Energy storage, however, is still a problem

09.10.2016 Palembang 63
 Optimization Opportunities
Site selection
Altitude, wind strength, constancy, grid access,
Turbine selection
Design (HAWTs vs VAWTs), vendor, size, quantity,
Turbine Height: 7th root law
vh
Ph
h 0.43
7

vg
7 h
g
3 h
g Pg g Pg
Greater precision for local conditions
Local topography (hills, ridges, )
Turbulence caused by other turbines
Prevailing wind strengths, direction, variance
Ground stability (support massive turbines)
Grid upgrades: extensions, surge capacity,
Non-power constraints/preferences
Environmental (birds, aesthetics, power lines, )
Cause radar clutter (e.g. near airports, air bases)
Worlds Largest Wind Turbine
09.10.2016 Palembang (7+Megawatts,
64 400+ feet tall)
Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion

09.10.2016 Palembang 65
 Wind energy is pollution free and nature friendly
Wind energy has very good potential and it is the
fastest growing energy source
The future looks bright for wind energy because
technology is becoming more advanced and
windmills are becoming more efficient

09.10.2016 Palembang 66
Windenergy: Essentials
1. Characteristics of wind, wind worldwide
2. Measurement of wind, instrumentation,
Areometer computational tools and prediction
3. Turbine types
4. Linear and angular momentum theory
5. Blade element theory
6. Mechanical power
7. Power extraction by the turbine
8. Electricity generation
9. Social, economic and ecological
considerations

09.10.2016 Palembang 67
References
Schmidt, Michael, The Economic Optimization of Wind Turbine
Design MS Thesis, Georgia Tech, Mech E. Nov, 2007.
Donovan, S. Wind Farm Optimization University of Auckland
Report, 2005.
Elikinton, C. N. Offshore Wind Farm Layout Optimization, PhD
Dissertation, UMass, 2007.
Lackner MA, Elkinton CN. An Analytical Framework for Offshore
Wind Farm Layout Optimization. Wind Engineering 2007; 31: 17-
31.
Elkinton CN, Manwell JF, McGowan JG. Optimization Algorithms for
Offshore Wind Farm Micrositing, Proc. WINDPOWER 2007
Conference and Exhibition, American Wind Energy Association,
Los Angeles, CA, 2007.
Zaaijer, M.B. et al, Optimization Through Conceptial Varation of a
Baseline Wind Farm, Delft University of Technology Report, 2004.
First Wind Energy Optimization Summit, Hamburg, Feb 2009.
09.10.2016 Palembang 68
 Measurement
of Windspeed and Distribution

09.10.2016 Palembang 69
 Overview: Wind
Wind speed measurements provide local data to
estimate wind power available
Local means where the turbine will stand (within a few
meters)
Wind power/energy computations yield estimates of
energy available at the anemometer
Statistical processing is required to estimate accurately
for the long term

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090223
 Anemometers
Anemometers measure the speed and direction of the
wind as a function of time
Spinning cups or propeller
Ultrasonic reflection (Doppler)
Sodar (Sound detection and ranging with a large horn)
Radar
Drift balloons
Etc.
Wind data are usually collected at ten-minute rate and
averaged for recording
Gust studies are occasionally used, and require fast
sampling at a higher rate to avoid significant information
loss (4 pts/gust)
Spectral analysis indicates the frequency components of
the wind structure and permits sampling frequency
09.10.2016
selection to minimize lossPalembang 71
090223
Speed and Energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power
09.10.2016 Palembang 72
Wind speed and wind energy: Weibull
Distribution
Weibull Distribution: W ( , k ) k
x ( k 1) exp x k
Data from Lee Ranch,
Colorado wind farm

Red = Weibull distribution of wind speed over

time
09.10.2016 Blue = Wind energy (P = dE/dt)
Palembang 73
 Wind Speed Power Density
http://www.windpower.dk/tour/wres/powdensi.htm

Grey = total power

Blue = useable power
Red = turbine power
output
0 to 25 m/s on abscissa

Not all wind power can be extracted or the wind

would stop
The Betz Limit of 59.3% is the theoretical maximum
09.10.2016 Turbines approach 40% from the rotor, but the
Palembang 74
 Power Is Proportional to Wind
Speed Cubed
Recall that the average wind
power is based upon the
average of the speed cubed
for each occurrence
Dont average the speed and
cube it!
Cube the various speeds and
average those cubes to
estimate the power
The Bergey wind turbine
curve below indicates the
energy output in nonturbulent
flow
09.10.2016 Palembang
Ref.: Bergey
75
060217
 How to find the Total Wind Power
Each speed range, say 10-14 km/h, has a
probability of occurrence that has been
estimated from some length of data
Suppose the mid-range speed (12 km/h) is 5%
probability of occurrence
The product is 12 mph times 5% = 0.6 km/hh
Find all the products for all the ranges and add
the resultant products in miles per hour to find
the most likely wind speed

09.10.2016 Palembang 76
 How to find the Wind Power
Mid-
Each speed range is Wind
Speed
Range of Product
Wind Probability & Sum
multiplied by the Range,
m/s
Speed,
m/s
of
Occurance
Products,
m/s

probability that the 0-1

1-2
0.5
1.5
0.0069
0.2426
0.003
0.364

speed occurs 2-3

3-4
2.5
3.5
0.0485
0.0624
0.121
0.218
4-5 4.5 0.0762 0.343
The sum of these 5-6
6-7
5.5
6.5
0.0832
0.0693
0.457
0.450

products yields the 7-8

8-9
7.5
8.5
0.0624
0.0589
0.468
0.501

mean effective speed 9-10

10-11
9.5
10.5
0.0554
0.0347
0.527
0.364
11-12 11.5 0.0277 0.319
12-13 12.5 0.0208 0.260
13-14 13.5 0.0139 0.187
14-15 14.5 0.1178 1.708
15-16 15.5 0.0069 0.107
16-17 16.5 0.0049 0.080
17-18 17.5 0.0055 0.097
18-19 18.5 0.0014 0.026
over 19 20 0.0007 0.014
09.10.2016 Palembang Total 1.0000 6.615 77
040216
 How to find the Wind Power
A turbine power curve is
cubic to start, but
becomes intentionally
less efficient at very
high wind speeds to
avoid damage
At very high winds, the
power output may fall to
zero, usually by design
to prevent damage

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080214
 Turbine Power Example
Turbine power is essentially Turbine Power

a cubic curve with respect 3000

to wind speed (up to a y = 0.1382x 3 - 2.2943x 2 + 42.062x - 229.43

point) 2500
R2 = 1

The more measured points,

the better the equation 2000

represents the performance

Power, kWh
1500
A regression curve fit allows
use of the equation to 1000

estimate between points

measured 500

The cubic fit is a model of

0
the real variable data 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Wind Speed, m ph

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070212
 A really simple example
For any site, the wind speed distribution
varies with time
The distribution is estimated from whatever data is
available --- the more, the better
Each turbine type has different operating
characteristics, so the power curve will vary
The power multiplied by the time at that
speed yields the energy for that speed
The sum of the various energies for the
speeds yields the total energy over the time
considered
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080214
 Effective Wind Speed

The effective wind speed is that

value of steady wind that would have
the same energy output as the
variable wind regime
One can only find this for real data in
a particular wind regime by cubing
each of the wind speeds, summing
them in proportion to their
probability of occurrence, and taking
the cube root
09.10.2016 Palembang 81
080214
 Conclusion: Wind Theory
The theory of wind energy is based upon fluid flow, so it also
applies to water turbines (water has 832 times the density)
While anemometers provide wind speed and usually direction,
data processing converts the raw data into usable information
Because of the surface drag layer of the atmosphere, placing
the anemometer at a standard height of 10 meters above the
ground is important; airport anemometer heights often
historically differ from 10 meters
For turbine placement, the anemometer should be at turbine
hub height
The average of the speeds is not the same as the correct
average of the speed cubes!
The energy extracted by a turbine is the summation of (each
09.10.2016
070212
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