Vapor Power

Cycles
 Carnot vapor cycle

Why vapor cycle?

Historical development
Thermodynamic consideration
Largest irreversibility-non-isothermal heat transfer
Compress liquid, let vapor to expand

Vapor to Carnot cycle?

Ideal but unrealistic

Deviations from ideal

Isothermal heat transfer internal and external (source and sink)
Real turbines (expansion work) and compressors
 Vapor power cycle, vapor refrigeration
cycle
2 Temp cycle 2 Pressure cycle
Realistic device design

Vapor power and vapor refrigeration

Ideally reversible
Practical problems do remain
Rankine cycle and vapor compression refrigeration
Working medium: water, refrigerant, natural gas (CH 4),,,
 Rankine cycle and
vapor compression refrigeration

 Rankine cycle

Rankine cycle
Superheated vapor at turbine inlet,
cool to saturated liquid at condenser
12 : reversible adiabatic compression at pump
23 : heat input at constant pressure
34 : reversible adiabatic expansion at turbine
41 : heat release at constant pressure
Pump q=0 wp=v(P2-P1) Isentropic compression

Boiler w=0 q= h3-h2 Const pressure heat input

Turbine q=0 w= h3-h4 Isentropic expansion

Condenser w=0 q= h4-h1 Const pressure heat release
 Thermal efficiency

Why release heat?

Thermal efficiency
w q
thermal net 1 out
qin qin

qB qc wT w p 0

wP

vliq dP
1
wT v vap dP
 Real devices

Irreversibilities
Fluid friction, heat loss, irreversible pump and turbine

Misc.
Subcooling liquid
Mechanical efficiency
Steam leakage
Auxiliary power use (exhaust gas fan, circulating water
pump, etc)
 Improving Rankine cycle efficiency
Strategy
Simulate Carnot cycle as much as possible (minimize
irreversibilities)
Increase Carnot cycle efficiency (heat input at higher temp,
heat release at lower temp)
Specific actions
Lower condenser temp
Higher steam temp
Higher boiler pressure
 Lower condenser pressure

Condensing temp:heat release temp: heat sink temp

(atmospheric)
Lower than atmospheric: air leakage into medium
Coolant temperature (atmospheric air and water)
Atmo temp 15 C, temp difference 10 C -> condensing vapor
25 C (vapor pressure 3 kPa)
 Higher vapor temp

Efficiency of incremental heat input and incremental

work
Lowe quality (dryness) at turbine exit - blade erosion
Allowed temp for material strength
 Higher boiler pressure

Remain max temp, but increase operating pressure

Reheat vapor, mainly for higher dryness at the turbine exit
Maximum pressure

2.7MPa at 1922, 30MPa at 1970,

Cf critical point of water 22.09MPa, 374.14 C

Throttling

A fluid can be throttled by several means. Examples are: a partly
open valve, an orifice or any other sudden reduction in the cross-
section of the flow. The enthalpy remains almost constant and
pressure reduces in this process. Throttling is an irreversible
process due to eddying of the flui
 Reheat Rankine cycle

reheat

Multi stage heating and expansion

q in (h3 h2 ) (h5 h4 ) wturb (h3 h4 ) (h5 h6 )
Lower dryness at the last stage
Increased heat release at condenser
Minimal improvement inefficiency only by reheat
Higher max temp would be more efficient
Limitation on the material strength (high temp
creep)
 Regenerative Rankine cycle

Regeneration
Higher system temp at heat input
Use hot steam to preheat water
Reduced work production, but increased efficiency
Bleeding
To preheat feedwater
Deaeration
Limitation on the size of the last stage blade
Feedwater heating
Open type direct contact and mixing
Closed type shell and tube heat exchanger
Optimum temp difference consideration on the speed
of heat transfer (inversely the size of heat exchanger)
 Real cycle

Fossil Power and Nuclear Power

Heat source of steam generation; boiler or 2ndary steam
generator
Fossil: high pressure high temp, typical 24.5 MPa, 536 C
Nuclear: 7.1 MPa, 288 C
Heat Rate
HR=Heat input/electricity output (basis 860 kcal/kWh)

Example of operating condition

HP turbine: inlet 17 MPa, 538 C, exit 4 MPa, 334C
7% in-house consumption
BFP: 13000kW x 2 (1200 ton/h)
FDF: 1900kW x 2 (16000 m3/min)
CWP: 2500kW x 2 (600 m3/min)
 Vapor power electricity generation

National consumption of fossil energy

Transportation: electricity: industry: misc. roughly each
Generating capacity and annual generation
Capacity: 50 GW, Annual production: 240 E9 kWh
Demand peak and allowance
National level:~100 won/kWh -> 24Trillion won/year
Household : 200 kWh monthly, ~200 /kWh -> 40,000
won/month
Source
Nuclear(42%),
Coal(33%),FuelOil(8%),LNG(12%),Hydro(3%)
Gas turbine/vapor combined cycle
Combine heat and power generation

Combined heat and power

Process steam and or district heating
Distributed power generation
Efficiency
Inconsistent value of thermal energy and electricity
Problem in equivalency of power and heat energy
Heat Utilization Ratio = (Work + Heat Used)/Heat
Input
 Combined heat and power by gas
turbine and vapor compression

Bottoming cycle by heat recovery steam generation

Economics of power system
Capital and Operating and maintenance (O&M) cost
Time value of money (interest, construction lead
time,,,)