Transport Layer

By
Farhan M.Shaikh
B.Sc. (CS),M.Sc. (IT), B.Ed.,M.Ed., M.A (Sociology)., UGC-NET (Education/ Sociology)

Visiting Faculty
L.S. Raheja College, SantaCruz
Tolani College, Andheri
Pioneer Education Center, Borivali, Andheri & Vasai
L.I.I.T., Dadar & Mulund
T.I.M.E., Andheri & Borivali
Unit 2 : Transport Layer
Process to Process Delivery
UDP
TCP

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PROCESSTOPROCESSDELIVERY

The transport layer is responsible for process-to-

process deliverythe delivery of a packet, part of a
message, from one process to another. Two processes
communicate in a client/server relationship, as we will
see later.
Topics discussed in this section:
Client/Server Paradigm
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
Connectionless Versus Connection-Oriented Service
Reliable Versus Unreliable
Two Protocols
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Note

The transport layer is responsible for

process-to-process delivery.

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Types of data deliveries

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Client- Server Paradigm

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Addressing

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Addressing

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Port numbers

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IP addresses versus port numbers

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IANA Ranges

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Socket Addresses

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Multiplexing & Demultiplexing

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Multiplexing & Demultiplexing

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Connectionless v/s Connection Oriented
Service

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Reliable versus Unreliable

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Error control

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Position of UDP, TCP, and SCTP in TCP/IP suite

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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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Well-known ports used with UDP

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User Datagram

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User Datagram

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User Datagram

UDP length
= IP length IP headers length

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UDP Operation

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UDP Operation

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UDP Operation

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Use of UDP

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TCP

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TCP Services

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TCP Services

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Stream delivery

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TCP Services

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Sending and receiving buffers

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TCP Services

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TCP Segments

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TCP segments

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TCP Services

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TCP Services

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TCP Features

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Note

The bytes of data being transferred in

each connection are numbered by TCP.
The numbering starts with a randomly
generated number.

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 Example

The following shows the sequence number for each

segment:

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TCP Features

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Note

The value in the sequence number field

of a segment defines the
number of the first data byte
contained in that segment.

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TCP Features

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TCP Segment Format

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TCP Segment Format

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TCP Segment Format

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TCP Segment Format

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TCP Segment Format

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A TCP Connection

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Connection Establishment

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Connection Establishment

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Connection establishment using three-way handshaking

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Connection Establishment

A SYN segment cannot carry data, but it

consumes one sequence number.

A SYN + ACK segment cannot

carry data, but does consume one
sequence number.
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Connection Establishment

An ACK segment, if carrying no data,

consumes no sequence number.

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Data Transfer

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Data transfer

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Connection Termination

The FIN segment consumes one

sequence number if it does
not carry data.
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Connection termination using three-way handshaking

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Connection Termination

The FIN + ACK segment consumes

one sequence number if it
does not carry data.

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Flow Control :-Sliding window

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Sliding Window

A sliding window is used to make

transmission more efficient as well as
to control the flow of data so that the
destination does not become
overwhelmed with data.
TCP sliding windows are byte-oriented.

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Sliding Window

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 Note

Some points about TCP sliding windows:

The size of the window is the lesser of rwnd and
cwnd.
The source does not have to send a full windows
worth of data.
The window can be opened or closed by the
receiver, but should not be shrunk.
The destination can send an acknowledgment at
any time as long as it does not result in a shrinking
window.
The receiver can temporarily shut down the
window; the sender, however, can always send a
segment of 1 byte after the window is shut down.
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Error Control

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Error Control

ACK segments do not consume

sequence numbers and are not
acknowledged.

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Error Control

No retransmission timer is set for an

ACK segment.

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Error Control

Data may arrive out of order and be

temporarily stored by the receiving TCP,
but TCP guarantees that no out-of-order
segment is delivered to the process.

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References
Computer Networks,
Tanenbaum A (PHI)

Data Communications and Networking,

Forouzan B (TMH)

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