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and
Regulation
~ Nervous
system
Nervous system
Is a systems of neurones
To detect and respond to changes
i) Central nervous system
ii) Peripheral nervous system
Organisation of the nervous
system
Neurone
generate and transmit nerve impulses
i) sensory neurones (afferent neurones)
ii) Interneurones
iii) motor neurones (efferent neurones)
Structures of a neurone
Has large cell body (nucleus,cytoplasm and organelles)
Neuronal processes
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Formation of resting potential
Membrane potential electrical charge
difference across plasma membrane
Resting potential neurone is not
conducting an impulse ( - 70 mV)
- due to difference in concentration of K+
ions and Na+ ionson inside and outside
of cell
- inside the cell: K+ ions increase,Na+ ions
decrease
Resting potential difference is maintained by :
~ sodium-potassium pump
~ facilitated diffusion by non-gated ion channels
~ anions
Formation of action potential
Action potential nerve impulses
i) Depolarisation phase threshold
level
(-55mV)
ii) Repolarisation phase - action
potential
(+40mV)
iii) Hyperpolarisation phase
Characteristics of nerve
impulse
Refractory period after axon transmitted
an impulse,it cannot immediately transmit
another inpulse for a short period
absolute refractory period - axon
membrane cannot transmit another action
potential no matter how strong the stimulus
Relative refractory period - a new action
potential can be generated if the stimulus is
greater than the usual one
All or none law
~ if intensity of stimulus is less than
threshold level, no action potential can
be generated
~ size/ amplitudes of action potential is
constant
~ it is not affected by intensity of stimulus
a) norepinephrine
b) acetylcholine
Mechanism of transmission and
spread of impulse along axon
When one region of axon is stimulated
~ voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open
~ Na+ ions flow into axon
~ causes depolarisation of membrane
~ action potential produced
~ it propagated along axon as nerve
impulse
Localised current depolarises adjacent region
~ influx Na+ ions from extracellular fluid into one region of
axon creates a local circuit
~ increase in Na+ ions in axoplasm repels cations to move
the adjacent region which is more negatively charged
~ increases membrane potential in adjacent region and
opens up voltage-gated Na+ ions channel
~ Na+ ions diffuse into neurone and membrane in
adjacent region depolarised
~ when threshold level exceeded, a new action
potential is generated
after depolarisation phase,K+ ions diffuse out from
10. Influx of Ca2+ ions when 10. No Ca2+ ions involve during
impulse reach synapse impulse transmission
Neuromuscular junction
Isa synapse found between motor
neurone and skeletal muscle fibres
Structure of sacromere
Role of sacroplasmic reticulum, calcium ions,
myofibrils and T tubules in muscle contraction
Mechanism of muscle contraction
based on sliding filament theory
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Nervous System
Feature Sympathetic system Parasympathetic
system
1. Origin of Emerges from thoracic Emerges from cranial
neurones and lumbar region of and sacral regions from
CNS CNS
2.Locationof Close to spinal cord Close to effector
ganglion
3.Length of Short preganglionic Long preganglionic
nerve fibre fibres fibres
Long postganglionic Short postganglionic
fibres fibres
4.Transmitter Noradrenaline Acetylcholine
substance
5.Effect on Activates the body for Prepares body for
target organ emergency and stress relaxation, dominant
condition during rest, control
routine body activities
6.General ~Increase body ~None
effect metabolism ~Decrease metabolic
~Increase metabolic level
level ~Decrease rhythmic
~Increase rhythmic activities
activities
7.Actions ~Increase pupil size ~Decrease pupil size
~Increase heart rate ~Decrease heart rate
~Increase sweating ~Decrease sweating
~Increase rate of ~Decrease rate of
respiration respiration
~Increase hair ~Decrease hair
angles angles
Mechanism of cocaine on
nervous system