Differentiation

(Derivatives)
Dayang Radiah Awang Biak
ECC 3001 ENGINEERING MATH. 1
SEM 1 2014/15
 Learning Outcome
To find derivatives of various function
To apply various techniques of differentiation
To apply differentiability concepts to specified
optimization and curve sketching

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 IN ENGLISH
How do we rate a change and express it mathematically
 Definition of Derivative
Definition 1
Let y=f(x) be a function. The derivative of
f is the function whose value at x is the limit:

df f ( x x) f ( x)
lim
dx x0 x
f ( x h) f ( x ) x=small change in x
lim
h 0 h may be positive
y
lim
x 0 x

provided this limit exists.

derivative of f is also written as f, or df/dx.

If this limit exists for each x in an open

interval I (e.q. from - to + ), then we say
that f is differentiable on I. 5
Lets say we have this function,
calculate the first derivative
 APPLICATIONS
Information on graphs of functions
Rates of changes
Minimum & maximum
Critical points
Absolute extrema
optimization
 Alternate notation
For a function f(x) = y, the derivative f(x) wrt x can be
written in the form of:
f(x)=y==
To evaluate at a then
==
f(x)=f
 Interpretation of derivative
Any derivative that can be expressed as definition 1, can be represented by
derivative
1. Rate of change
Consider an object moving along a straight line with a constant velocity, u
(m/s). The distance, s (m) travelled by the object in time, t is given by
s=ut
Slope s vs t = velocity= rate of change of distance wrt time

Acceleration=rate of change of velocity with time = du/dt = a = d 2s/dt2 =

vector qty= slope of graph u vs t.
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 Lets see (Rate of Change:
example)
If the volume of liquid in a tank at t minutes is given by V(t)=2t 2-
16t+35. Calculate the following:
a) What happen to the volume of liquid in the tank at t = 1 minute.
Is the volume increasing or decreasing?
b) What happen when t = 5 minutes. Is the volume decreasing or
increasing?
c) Is the volume of liquid in the tank changing faster at t=1 minute
or t = 5 minutes?
d) Is the volume of liquid in the tank is not changing? If so, when?
 Interpretation of derivative
2. Slope of line
i) Slope of straight line graph
Consider line AB with point P(x,y) and Point Q (x+x , y +y)

Slope = y/x= tan =m

For a straight line, m=slope=constant

ii) Slope of tangent line slope along

curve,
Consider point P and Q, For a given point, e.g. x = a,
Slope = y/x = slope of chord PQ the tangent is given by y = f(a)
+f(a)(x-a)
Not slope at P as required
Slope of curve at P= slope of tangent to curve at P
NOTE : AT MAXIMUM/MINIMUM OF A function, its 11
derivative=0 = tangent horizontal
 Try this from previous exercise
For a given find the tangent line at z = 3
Evaluate the slope
And plug into the tangent equation
 Differentiable function
Function f(x) is differentiable at x=a if graph
f(x) has a unique, non-vertical, well defined
tangent at x=a. Otherwise limit does not exists
(derivative=tangent)
Differentiable means a function having smooth
continuous graph with no sharp corners
Some cases Differentiable at all pts
except x1 & x2

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Differentiable at all pts x1 x2
except x=0
 DIFFERENTIATION TECHNIQUES
Rule 1 Constant multiplication Rule
If y=f(x) and k is constant d (ky) dy
k kf ' ( x)
dx dx

Example y=2x
Rule 2: Sum Rule
If u=f(x) and v=g(x)

d (u v) du dv
f ' ( x) g ' ( x)
dx dx dx

Example y=2x+4x
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 Rules of Differentiation
Rule 3: Product Rule
If u=f(x) and v=g(x)
d (uv) dv du
u v f ( x) g ' ( x ) g ( x) f ' ( x)
dx dx dx

Example u=2x ; v=3x

Rule 4: Quotient Rule
If u=f(x) and v=g(x)
u du dv
d( ) v u
v dx dx g ( x ) f ' ( x ) g ' ( x) f ( x )
dx v2 g ( x) 2

Example u=3x+2 v=2x2+1 15

 Rules of Differentiation
Rule 5: Composite Function-Chain Rule
If z=g(x) and y=f(z)

dy dy dz
. f ' ( z) g ' ( z)
dx dz dx

Example y=(5x2 +5)3

dx
Rule 6 : Inverse Function Rule dy
f ' ( y)

If y=f-1(x) then x=f(y), So dy 1 1

dx dx f ' ( y)
dy
Example y=x/2 16
 DERIVATIVE of power function
IF f(x) = xr

Then dy/dx = d(xr )= rxr-1

Example : Find derivative of f(x) = x2

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 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Polynomial Function
Differentiate each term in turn
Eg y=x4+5x3-4x2+7x-2

Rational function
f(x) =p(x)/q(x)
May use rule constant multi, sum, quotient
Eg, differentiate 3x+2/(2x2+1)
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Summary of Standard
Derivative
(cu )' cu ' (c constant )
(u v)' u 'v'
(uv)' u ' v v' u
'
u u ' v v' u
2

v v
du du dy
(Chain rule)
dx dy dx
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Standard Derivative for circular, exponential
and othersy=f(x) df
dx
1 x n
nx n 1
2 ex ex
3 e kx ke kx
4 ax a x ln a
5 ln x 1
x
6 log a x 1
x ln a
7 sin x cos x
8 cos x - sin x
9 tan x sec2 x
10 cot x -cosec2 x
11 sec x sec x tan x
12 cosec x -cosec x cot x
13 1
sin x (sin -1x)
1 x2
14 1
cos-1 x
1 x2
15 1
tan-1 x
1 x2
16 1
cot-1 x
1 x2
17 sinh x ( (ex+e-x)/2 ) cosh x
18 cosh x ( (ex -e-x)/2 ) sinh x

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 Extended form of chain rule
If there are more than 2 component functions involved for example
y=f(w) w=g(z) z=h(x)

dy dy dw dz
Use . .
dx dw dz dx

Example y= sin2 (x2+1)

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Logarithmic Differentiation
The rule for differentiating a product or a quotient is used
when there are only two factors, i.e. uv or u/v.
Where there are more than two functions, the derivative is
d differentiation.
best found by logarithmic 1
(ln x)
dx x
d 1 dF
(ln F ) (Chain Rule)
dx F dx

Let uv
, where u, v, and w are functions of x. Take logs
y base e on both sides:
to the
w

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ln y ln u ln v ln w
1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw

y dx u dx v dx w dx
dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw
y
dx u dx v dx w dx
 Logarithmic Function
Examples

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 Exponential & hyperbolic Functions
Differentiation
d x
Exponential (e ) e x
dx

d d e x e x 1(e x e x )
Hyperbolic (sinh x) cosh x
dx dx 2 2

d d e x e x 1(e x e x )
(cosh x) sinh x
dx dx 2 2

d d sinh x cosh x. cosh x sinh x sinh x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1

(tanh x) sec h 2
x
dx dx cosh x 2
cosh x cosh x 2 2
cosh x

d d
(sec hx) sec hx. tanh x (cos echx) sec hx. tanh x
dx dx
d 25
(coth x) cos ech 2 x
dx
 Exponential and Hyperbolic
d 1
Functions
(sinh 1 x) d 1 1
(cosh x ) ; x 1
dx (1 x 2 dx (x 1
2

d 1 1
(tanh x) ; x 1
dx 1 x2

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 Parametric Differentiation
If a function is defined by y=f(x)
Where x=g(t) and y=h(t) and t is a parameter
dy dy / dt dy dt
Then .
dx dx / dt dt dx
Inverse
function Chain
rule rule

Example x=t sin t y= t cos t

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Implicit Functions
Explicit function:
If y is completely defined in terms of x, y is called an
explicit.
E.g. y = x2 4x + 2
Implicit function
E.g. x2 + y2 = 25, or
x2 + 2xy + 3y2 = 4.
The differentiation of an implicit function:
dy dy x
2x 2 y 0 .
dx dx y
dy dy dy
2 x (2 x 2 y ) 6 y 0 (2 x 6 y ) 2 x 2 y 28

dx dx dx
 Implicit differentiation

Use implicit differentiation rule for function of f(x)g(x)

Example : f(x)=(sin x)x

Implicit differentiation is useful to calculate slopes of

tangent and normals to curve

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 Higher Derivatives
dy df ( x )
f ' ( x)
dx dx
d2y d 2 f ( x)
Given y=f(x) dx 2

dx 2
f ' ' ( x)

dny d n f ( x)
n
n
f n
( x)
dx dx
d2 f

dx 2

rate of change of df//dx as x increases

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 Higher Derivatives
If f>0, then f increases as x increases
Tangent of curve rotates anti clockwise as move along x-axis
Graph of f(x) concave up
If f<0, then f decreases as x increases
Tangent rotates clockwise as move along x-axis
Graph of f(x) concave down

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 Determining the nature of
stationary points
Max value=min value is when slope or tangent at a point
on curve = 0
Called Stationary Points
d2y
2 methods to determine nature of stationary points
1. Consider sign
dx 2of f(x) on either sides of point
2. Use

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 Method 1 use f(x)
1. If f(x) i.e. slope of tangent change from + to as we
pass from left to right through a stationary pt, then it is
a local max
2. If f(x) i.e. slope of tangent change from - to + as we pass
from left to right through a stationary pt, then it is a
local min
3. If f(x) i.e. slope of tangent change does not change sign
as we pass from left to right through a stationary pt,
then it is a point of inflection
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 d 2 y Method 2 Use
of f(x) determine how thed 2
y/dxof2 the
concavity
graph
dx 2 changes

If f(a) =0 and f(a)<0, then function has a local

max
If f(a) =0 and f(a)>0, then function has a local
min
If f(a) =0 and f(a)=0, the
It does not mean that x=a is a point of inflection
To know nature of stationary pt (maybe point of
inflection), need to consider sign of f(x) on either side
See example 34
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 Example
Determine the stationary point of function and examine
their nature
F(x) = 4x3 -21x2 +18 x +6

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 Numerical differentiation
df f ( x x) f ( x) y
lim
Recall dx x 0 lim
x x 0 x

Definition of derivative does not provide a good basis of

evaluating f(x) numerically. Why?
1. One sided approximation :
. x=h (>0)slope chord PR
. x=-h (<0)slope chord QP
. Slope Chord RQ-better aproximation to tangent at P
2. Error involve in division of f with x

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 Chord Approximation

See Figure 8.30.

This method use Slope of Chord QR symmetrically disposed
about x to approximate slope of tangent x. Thus
f ( x h) f ( x h)
f ' ( x) ( h)
2h
1. When function is specified graphically choose h, at a series
of points along curve, calculate (h)
2. When function is given as tables h is specified, then to
estimate value of derivative f(a) at x=a, use
f ( a h) f ( a h )
( h)
Can be simplified as 2h
1 1
f ' (a ) [4 ( h) (h)]
3 2
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See Example 8.27

 Example 8.27
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
F(x) 0.09 0.19 0.29 0.38 0.47 0.56 0.64 0.71 0.78
98 87 55 94 94 46 42 74 33

Estimate f(0.5) where f(x) is given by the tables

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