TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

GROUP MEMBERS :
NOOR AZURAH ABDULRAZAK
WAN NORAZWANI MAHUSIN
IRA NUSRAT JAAFAR
NUR WAHIDAH SAMION
SITI NURHAFIZA HAFINAS
 OBJECTIVES
To find the angle and convert the
angle from degree to radian or vice
versa.
To recognize the trigonometric
identities, sine and cosine rule.
To solve trigonometric equations.
 HISTORY
One of the oldest branches of mathematics.
Historical evidence shows that by about 1100
B.C., Chinese were making measurements of
distance and height using right- triangle
trigonometry.
Greek astronomer Hipparcus, The Father of
Trigonometry, is credited with compiling the 1st
trigonometric tables.
The trigonometry of Hipparcus and other
astronomers was strictly a tool of
measurement.
 USES IN OUR DAILY
LIFE
Making measurements of distance
and height.
Astronomers field.

Describing physical phenomena that

are periodic.
 ANGLES and THEIR MEASURE
An angle is determined by rotating a ray about about its
endpoint.
The starting position: initial side
The position after rotation: terminal side
The point connecting the two sides: vertex

y
terminal
side
angle
initial side
x
vertex
Positive angles are generated Negative angles are
generated
with anticlockwise rotation. with clockwise
rotation.

y y

135

x -45 x
 QUADRANT
A represent an angle measure. y

Quadrant II Quadrant I
angle: 90 <A< 180 angle: 0 <A< 90

x
Quadrant III Quadrant
IV
angle: 180 <A< 270 angle: 270 <A<
360
 Angles


Acute angle (0< < 90) Obtuse angle (90 << 180)

180
90

Right angle ( rotation) Straight angle (1/2 rotation)

RADIAN and DEGREE
An angle may be measured in
terms of Radians rather than
degrees.
radians = 180
2 radians = 360
Note: is used to present 3.142
 CONVERT:
DEGREE TO RADIANS and RADIANS TO DEGREE.

Degree Radians
By using formula:
Degree x radians = radians
1 180
Radians Degree
By using formula :
Radians x 180 = degree
1 radians
 QUESTIONS
Convert to radians.
i. 60
ii. 173
iii. 35
Convert to degree.
iv.
4
ii. 7
8
iii. 3
5
 SOLUTIONS
Degree to Radians
i. 60 x radians = 1.047 radians
1 180
ii. 173 x radians = 3.019 radians
1 180
iii. 35 x radians = 0.611 radians
1 180
. Radians to Degree
i. x 180 = 45
4 radians
ii. 7 x 180 = 157.5
8 radians
iii. 3 x 180 = 108
5 radians
Graph of y=sin x
sin 0 sin 90 sin sin sin
180 270 360
0 +1 0 -1 0
Graph y=cos x
cos 0 cos 90 cos 180 cos 270 cos 360
+1 0 -1 0 +1
Graph y=tan x
The period is .
Graphs consists repetitions at intervals of
.
The tangent function is undefined at /2.
 RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE
TRIGONOMETRY

Sine =
Opposite side = y
Hypotenuse
Hypotenuse r
r Opposite
side ,y Cosine =
Adjacent side = x
Adjacent
Hypotenuse r
side , x

Tangent =
Opposite side = y
 Tan = sin
cos
Sec = 1 = r
cos x
Cosec = 1 = r
sin y
Cot = 1 = x
tan y
 TRIGONOMETRY
RATIOS FOR SPECIAL
ANGLES
30 2
45
2
1

3 45

1
60

1
 0 30 45 60 90
sin 0 1 1 3 1

2 2 2
cos 1
3 1 1 0

2 2 2
tan 0 1 1 UNDEFIN
3 ED
3
 TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
sin + cos = 1

1 + cot = cosec

Tan + 1 = sec
How to proven??
y

p(x,y) phytagoras theorem:

r = x + y.
r y

x
 From graph
cos = x sin = y
r r
Divided by r gives :
r = x + y
r r r
1 = x + y
r r
 1 = cos + sin ..
Divide by cos gives :
1 = cos + sin
cos cos cos
1 = 1 + sin
cos cos
 sec = 1 + tan
Divide by sin
1 = cos + sin
sin sin sin
1 = cos + 1
sin sin
cosec = cot + 1
 Negative angles
sin (- )= - sin

cos (- ) = cos

tan (- ) = - tan
 Prove the following
identities
a) ( 1 + sin ) = 1 + sin
cos 1- sin

Solution

( 1 + sin ) = ( 1 + sin ) ( 1 + sin )

cos 1- sin
= ( 1 + sin ) ( 1 + sin )
( 1 - sin ) ( 1 + sin )
 = 1 + sin
1- sin

b) ( 1 + tan ) = sec
cos
 solution
( 1 + tan ) = ( sec )
cos cos
= sec
cos
= 1 x sec
cos
= sec x sec
= sec
c) ( sin + cos ) + ( sin - cos ) =
2
Solution
LHS
= ( sin + cos ) + ( sin cos ) ( sin cos
)
= sin + 2 sin cos + cos + sin 2 sin
cos + cos
= sin + cos + sin + cos
= 1+ 1
=2
LHS = RHS SO, PROVEN.
d) sec tan = cos
1 + sin
Solution
RHS, cos = cos 1 sin
1 + sin 1 sin
= cos cos sin
1- sin
 = cos cos sin
cos
= cos - cos sin
cos cos
= 1 - sin
cos cos
= sec - tan
RHS = LHS , SO PROVEN
Trigonometric Equation
A trigonometric equation is
an equations that contains a
trigonometric expression with
a variable, such as sin x
 Step in solving trigonometric
equations
Step 1 : Identify the range for the
given angle
Step 2 : identify the quadrant for the
basic angle
Step 3 : Find the basic angle ( )
List all the answers in radian or
degree
( depends on the given range )
 Solve the following equations for
angles in the given range
a)tan = 1 , 0
360

b) tan 2x = 1 0
x 360
 solutions
a) Step 1 : 0 360
Step 2 : quadrant 1 and 3
Step 3 : tan = 1
1
= tan 1
= 45
Step 4 : = 45 , 225
b) tan 2x = 1
step 1 : 0 360
0 2x 720
step 2 : quadrant 1 and 3
step 3 : tan = 1
= tan 1 1
= 45
step 4 : 2x = 45 , 225 , 405 ,585
x = 22.5 , 112.5 , 202.5 ,
292.5
 TRIGONOMETRIC
EQUATION
1. Solution of trigonometric
sin such cos
equation as tan= k,
=k, =k
2. Solve equations
sin cos in quadratic
tan
form
t tan
3. Express , 2 and
in term of t where

sin cos,
Express tan & t of
in term tant where
2
2 tan
tan 2
1 tan 2

2 tan 2t
tan 2
1 t 2
1 tan 2

2
2
x (2t ) (1 t 2 ) 2
2
2t
1+t
x 4t 2 1 2t 2 t 4
2

x 2 t 4 2t 2 1
x 2 t 2 1 t 2 1 1-t

x t 1
2 2 2

x t2 1
 2t
tan
1 t2
2t
sin
1 t2
1 t2
cos 2 2t 1+t
1 t

Equation in the form a

cos + b sin =k 1 t2
Can be solved using
these expression
 Example
Solve the equation 3cos x -8sin x= -2,
0360
3cos x 8sin x 2
1 t 2 2t
3 2
8 2
2
1 t 1 t
3 1 t 2 8 2t 2 1 t 2
3 3t 2 16t 2 2t 2
t 2 16t 5 0
b b 2 4ac
t
2a
16 162 4 1 5

2
16 236

2 x
t 0.3066 t tan
2
t 16.3066
 0 x 360
x
0 180
2

Tan positive in quadrant 1 and 3 tan negative in quadrant 2

and 4
x
tan 16.3066
x 2
tan 0.3066 x
2 tan 1 16.3066
x 2
tan 1 0.3066 86.49
2
x x
17.05 180 86.49
2 2
x 34.1 x
93.51
2
x 187.02

x 34.9,187.02
 Express a cos b sin as
R cos () or R sin ()

R cos a cos b sin

R (cos cos sin sin ) a cos b sin
R cos cos R sin sin a cos b sin
Equating the coefficient of cos : R cos = a
.(1)
Equating the coefficient of2 sin2 : 2 R 2sin 2 = b
R cos R sin a b 2
.(2) 2 2 2
R cos sin a b
2 2

(1)+(2) R2 a2 b2
R a 2 b2
 R sin b

(1)(2) R cos a
b
tan
a

a cos b sin R cos m a sin b cos R sin( )

where

R a 2 b2 R a 2 b2
b b
tan where tan
a a
 Example
Express 4 cos 3 sin = 1 in the form of R cos (
+ ) and
solve
4 cos for
3sin.
R cos( )
R(cos cos sin sin )
R cos cos R sin sin
R cos 4
R sin 3

R 42 32 3
tan
4
R 25
3
R5 tan 1
4
R cos( 36.87)
36.87
 4cos 3sin 5cos 36.87
4cos 3sin 1
5cos 36.87 1
1
cos 36.87
5
1
( 36.87) cos
1

5
36.87 78.46
36.87 78.46,360 78.46
41.59, 244.67
 Equation in linear form
Example 1
Solve 4 sin 3 cos = 0 for angles in
the
range
Solution
4 sin = 3 cos
sin 3
cos 4
=
 3
tan =
4

3
tan =
4
3
1
tan
=
4
= 36.9
= 36.9 , 216.9
 Equation in quadratic form
Solve the following trigonometric equations
1. 2 sin x+ 5 cos x + 1 for -180 x
180
Solution
sin x + cos x = 1
sin x = 1- cos x
2(1- cos x) + 5 cos x + 1 = 0
2 - 2 cos x + 5 cos x + 1 = 0
- 2 cos x + 5 cos x + 3 = 0
2 cos x 5 cos x 3 = 0
let y = cos x
2y- 5y 3 = 0
( y-3 )( 2y+1 ) = 0
1
y = 3 and y =
2
cos x =
1
2
1
cos =
2
=cos 1 1
2
= 60
 x = 120 , -120
x = -120 , 120
cos x = 3 ( no solution )

2) 3 cot + 5 cosec + 1 for -2

2
solution
3 ( cosec -1) + 5 cosec + 1 = 0
3 cosec 3 + 5 cosec + 1 = 0
3 cosec + 5 cosec 2 = 0
let y = cosec
3y + 5y 2 = 0
( 3y 1 )( y + 2 ) = 0
y =1 and y = - 2
3
1
cosec =
1 3
1
=
sin 3

sin = 3 ( no solution )
cosec = -2
 1
= -2
sin
sin =-2
1
sin = 2

sin =12
= 30
=
6

7= , 5 ,

6 6 6
 COMPOUND ANGLE
using substitution, it is clear to see that ;

sin x y sin x sin y

cos x y cos x cos y
tan x y tan x tan y
example
3
sin(30 30) sin 60
2
1 1 3
sin 30 sin 30 1
2 2 2
SUM & DIFFERENCE OF SINE
Replacing y with y and nothing that
Cos(-y)=cos y since cosine is even
function
sin( x y ) sin
Sin(-y)=-sin y since y cos
x cossine x sin y
is odd
function

sin x y sin sin x y
sin x cos y cos x sin y
sin x cos y cos x sin y
Example
Find the exact valuesin105
of
sin105 sin 60 45
sin 60 cos 45 cos 60 sin 45
3 2 1 2
g g
2 2 2 2
6 2

4
 SUM & DIFFERENCE OF
COSINE
cos( x y ) cos x cos y sin x sin y

cos x y cos x y
cos x cos y sin x sin y
cos x cos y sin x sin y
 Example
Find the exact value of cos15
cos15 cos 60 45
cos 60 cos 45 sin 60 sin 45
1 2 3 2
g g
2 2 2 2
2 6

4
 SUM & DIFFERENCE OF
TANGENT
As we know
sin
tan
cos

sin x y
tan x y
cos x y
sin x cos y cos x sin y

cos x cos y msin x sin y
 sin x cos y cos x sin y
cos x cos y cos x cos y
tan( x y )
cos x cos y sin x sin y
cos x cos y mcos x cos y

sin x sin y
cos x
cos y

sin x sin y
1 m g
cos x cos y

tan x tan y

1 mtan x tan y
 Example
Find the value of 75 in exact radical form.
Solution
75=45+30 let x=45 y=30
tan x tan y
tan( x y )
1 tan x tan y
tan 45 tan 30
tan(45 30)
1 tan 45 tan 30
1
1
3
1
1 1
3
 3 1

3 1
2 3
 COFUNCTION
FORMULAS

In a right triangle, the two acute angles

are complementary.

Thus, if one acute angle of a right triangle

90 x is
x, the other is
cos x y cos x cos y sin x sin y

cos y cos cos y sin sin y
2 2 2
0 cos y 1 sin y
sin y
The cofunction identity for cosine

cos y sin y
2

let y x
2

cos x sin x
2 2 2

cos x sin x
2

The cofunction identity for cosine

sin x cos x
2

sin x cos x
2

cos x
Divide all equation with 2

sin x
2 cos x


cos x cos x
2 2

sin x
2 cos x

sin x
cos x
2

The cofunction
tan x cot x
identity for tangent 2
 B
A B 90
a cos B =
a
sin A=
c c

a a
tan A = cot A =
b b
a c
c c
sec A = csc B =
a a
C A
b
EXAMPLE
Write in term of its cofunction
Sin11
= cos (90-11)
= cos79
Sec 52
Cot 87 =csc (90-52)
= tan (90-87) =csc 38
= tan 3
 DOUBLE ANGLE
FORMULAE
sin 2x = 2 sin(x) cos(x)

= x sin 2 x
2
cos 2xcos
= 2cos x 1
2

= 1 2sin 2 x

tan 2x =2 tan x
1 tan 2 x
 DOUBLE ANGLE
sin 2 A 2sin A cos A

We know that,
sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+sinBcosA

If we let B=A,then
sin(A+A)=sinAcosA+cosAsinA

Hence,
sin2A=2sinAcosA
 cos 2 A cos A sin A
2 2

We know that,
cos( A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B
If we let B=A,then
cos( A A) cos A cos A sin A sin A
Hence,cos 2 A cos A sin A
2 2

cos 2 A 2cos A 1
2

cos 2 A 1 2sin A 2
 2 tan A
tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A

We know that
tan A tan B
tan( A B)
1 tan A tan B
If we let B=A,
tan A tan A
tan( A A)
1 tan A tan A
Hence,tan 2 A 2 tan 2A
1 tan A
 Example 1
5
and
If sin 3 lies in quadrant II,
find the
sin 2exact

value of .
Solution:5 y
sin
3 r
x 5 13
2 2 2

x 25 169
2

x 144
2

x 144 12
So,
x 12
cos
r 13
sin 2 2sin cos
5 12 120
sin 2 2
13 13 169
EXAMPLE 2.
3
if tan
with is acute angle,
find the4
a) tan 2value b)
exact of:tan 4
2 tan
tan 2
Solution:a) 1 tan
2

3
2
4
3 3
1
4 4
24

7
b) tan 4
Solution:
tan 4 tan(2 2 )
tan 2 tan 2

1 tan 2 tan 2
2 tan 2

1 tan 2
2

24
2
7
2
24
1
7

336

527
 HALF-ANGLE
FORMULAE.

sin 2sin cos
2 2

cos cos sin 2
2

2 2

2cos 1
2

2
2
1 2 sin

2

2 tan
2
tan

1 tan 2
2
 HALF-ANGLE.

sin 2sin cos
2 2

We know that,sin 2 A 2sin A cos A

Let A 2 ,

sin 2 2sin cos
2 2 2

sin 2sin cos
Hence, 2 2

cos cos sin 2
2

2 2

We know 2that,
cos 2 A cos A sin 2 A
cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1
cos 2 A 1 2sin 2 A

Let A , Hence,
2
2 2
2 2 cos cos sin
cos 2 cos sin
2
2
2 2 2

2 cos 2 1
2cos 1
2

2 2
2
1 2sin
2
1 2 sin
2

2

2 tan
tan 2

1 tan 2
2

2 tan A
We know that,
tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A

LettingA ,
2
2 tan 2
2
tan 2
2 2
1 tan
Hence, 2

2 tan
tan 2

1 tan 2
2
Example.
Without using calculator,compute the
exact value
of cos 112.5.
Solution: 225 o

cos 112.5= cos2

112.5 lies in quadrant II,where only the

sine and
cosecant are (+)
Thus, - sign is used in the half-angle
formulae
 o
225
cos 112.5= cos
2
1 cos 2250

2
2
1
2

2
2 2

4
2 2

2
 THE LAW OF SINES

If A, B, and C are the measures of the angles of a triangle,

and a, b, and c are the lengths of the sides opposite these
angles, then
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
The ratio of the length of the side of any triangle to the sine
of the angle opposite that side is the same for all three sides
of the triangle.
EXAMPLE
Solve triangle ABC if A = 50, C = 33.5, and b = 76.

33.5
b = 76
a

= 50,
50
A B
c
 THE LAW OF COSINES
If A, B and C are the measures of the angles of a triangle, and
a, b and c are the lengths of the sides opposite these angles,
then

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C

The square of a side of a triangle equals the sum of the squares

of the other two sides minus twice their product times the cosine
of their included angle
EXAMPLE
Solve the triangle with A = 60, b = 20, and c = 30.

b = 20
= 50,

A B
c = 30
AREA OF TRIANGLE

Area = 1/2(a)(b)(SinC)
EXAMPLE
Find the area of this triangle

6cm

52

14cm