IMMUNIZATION

DEFINITION
Immunity is the host defence against
infection.
It is defined as the bodys ability to
recognise, destroy and eliminate
antigenic foreign material at his own.
Immunity is of two types :
Active immunity
Passive immunity
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
It is an immunity which an
individual develops as a result
of infection or due to
immunization
It is long lasting
In includes all vaccines
It is less expensive
Protective efficiency is more in
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
It is an immunity in which
antibodies are produced in one
body and transferred to
another
Immunity produced only is
temporary
It includes all antisera
It is more expensive as
compared to active immunity
Protective efficacy is less in
 IMMUNITY AND
IMMUNISING AGENTS
Immunity against specific diseases is
developed through the administration of
immunising agents. The immunising
agents are :
Vaccines
Immuno-globulins
Antisera
Vaccines : vaccines are of following
types;
Live vaccines
Killed vaccines
Toxoids
Cellular fractions
Combination of more than one
immunising agents
Immunoglobulin : they are two
types ;
Normal human Ig
Specific human Ig
 LIVE VACCINES
They are more potent as live organisms
multiply in the host and result in
antigenic dose in body which is higher
than the injected.
They should not be given to the
persons, who are suffering from
supressed immune response. Such as;
leukaemia, lymphoma, AIDS, patients
receiving corticosteroids
 KILLED VACCINES
In killed vaccines, the organisms are
killed by heat or chemical, when
administered in the body to stimulate
active immunity
These vaccines are contra indicated
only in severe local or general reaction
to the last dose.
Killed vaccines are for bacterial or
viral infections;
BACTERIAL VIRAL
oTYPHOID oPOLIO
oCHOLERA oRABIES
oPERTUSIS oINFLUENZA
oC.S.MENINGITI oHEPATITIS B
S oJAPENESE
oPLAGUE ENCEPHALITIS
oKFD
 TOXOIDS
They are prepared by detoxifying
the toxins produced by certain
organisms.
There are following types of
toxoids :
Bacterial : diphtheria, tetanus
 CELLULAR FRACTIONS
The example of cellular fraction
is meningococcal vaccines which
is prepared from the
polysaccharide antigen of the
cell wall.
COMBINATIONS OF TWO
OR MORE VACCINES
It is mixed or combined vaccine.
The well known combinations are :
DPT( Diphtheria- Pertusis Tetanus)
MMR( Mumps, Measles, Rubella )
DT ( Diphtheria, Tetanus)
 IMMUNOGLOBULINS
They are available for passive
immunization
They are of two types
Normal human Ig :
o it should contain at least 90 % intact Ig
G.
o It is prepared from a pool of at least two
donors and in an antibody rich fraction.
o Normal immunoglobiulins are :
 Hepatitis A
Measles
Rabies
Tetanus
Mumps
Specific human Ig :
o these immunoglobulins are given
against specific infection.
o They have high antibody content
against an individual infections
and provide an immediate
infection. Specific
immunoglobulins are :
Hepatitis B
Varicella
diphtheria