Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DEFINIIE
-
Incidena: - n SUA [1]: 2000 cazuri/an
- n Japonia [2]: 429 cazuri/an
1. Lee WM, Squires RH Jr., Nyberg SL, Doo E, Hoofnagle JH. Acute Liver Failure: Summary of a Workshop. Hepatology 2008;47: 1401-15.
2. Makoto Oketani, Akio Ido, Hirohito Tsubouchi Changing etiologies and outcome of acute liver failure: A perspective from Japan. J. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jan;26
Suppl 1:65-71.
Hepatitele virale
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Cel mai frecvent determinate de VHA sau VHB;
-
Modalitate de prezentare: - infecie acut nou aprut;
- reactivare virusologic la purttor cronic (VHB);
-
Trigerii reactivrii: chimioterapice, imunosupresoare;
-
Diagnostic: - VHA: IgM anti VHA;
- VHB: AgHBs, IgM anti VHB, viremie;
Intoxicaia cu Acetaminofen
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Toxicitate prin produi intermediari nalt reactivi (N-para-aminoquinonimine) ce se
leag de proteinele peretelui celular n absena glutationului;
-
Doza toxic: 10 g/ 24 ore (! Cazuri letale la 3-4 g/24ore [1]);
-
Paraclinic: IHA + - aminotransferaze hepatice > 3500 UI/l;
- hiperbilirubinemie conjugata 4mg/dl;
nu exclude diagnosticul);
1. Schiodt FV, Rochling FJ, Casey DL, Lee WM. Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1112-1117.
Intoxicaia cu Acetaminofen
Boala Wilson
CLINIC:
- examen neurologic: Glasgow coma scale, criteriile West Haven;
- icter sclero tegumentar (inconstant);
- Hepatomegalie (hepatitele virale, sindromul Budd-Chiari sau insuficiena cardiac
congestiv) ascit;
- hemodinamic hipotensiune arterial, rezistene vasculare sistemice sczute ( sepsis
gram negativi);
Algoritm diagnostic
Paraclinic
MANAGEMENTUL
INSUFICIENEI HEPATICE
ACUTE
Terapia standard
Fiziopatologie:
- neuroinflamaia[1]: creterea citokinelor proinflamatoare (TNF, IL-1B, IL-6);
-
efectele citotoxice ale amoniacului:
- creterea glutaminei intracelulare mediu hiperosmolar edem intracelular
(astrocitelor);
- activarea cotranportorului Na-K-Cl n culturile de astrocite[2];
- downregulation a transportorului pentru glutamina SNAT-3 [3];
- tulburri microcirculatorii cerebrale
1. Wright, G., Shawcross, D., Olde Damink, S.W., Jalan, R. Brain cytokine flux in acute liver failure and its relationship with intracranial hypertension. Metab. Brain Dis. 2007; 22, 375
388.
2. Arumugam R. Jayakumar, Vanessa Valdes, Michael D. Norenberg. The NaKCl cotransporter in the brain edema of acute liver failure. J. of Hepatology 2011 vol. 54; 272278.
3. Du, T., Grimm, A., Jiang, W., Desjardins, P., Butterworth, R.F., Pathogenesis of Brain Edema in Acute Liver Failure: Key Role of the Astrocytic Glutamine Transporter SNAT-3.
Hepatology 2010. (52) 271A
Hipertensiunea intracranian
Opiuni terapeutice:
Guo, L.M., Liu, J.Y., Xu, D.Z., et al. Application of molecular adsorbents recirculating system to remove NO and cytokines in severe liver failure patients with multiple organ dysfunction
1.
Oria M, Romeno-Gimenez R, Arranz JA et al. Ornithine phenylacetate prevents disturbances of motor-evoked potentials induced by intestinal blood in rats with portacaval anastomosis.
3.
Management:
- repleie volemic (diurez >0,5ml/kgc/h );
- suport vasopresor (Noradrenalin);
- AKI CVVHDF.
1. Nikolaos Papoutsidakis, Nikolaos Arkadopoulos, Vassilios Smyrniotis et al. Early myocardial injury is an integral component of experimental acute liver failure a study in two porcine
models. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7, 2: 217-223
Hemostaz
-
Echilibru (?!): - trombocitopatii cantitative sau calitative,
- scderea sintezei hepatice de factori ai coagulrii,
- scderea sintezei anticoagulanilor (proteina C, S, antitrombina),
- inhibarea fibrinolizei.
-
magnitudinea SIRS se coreleaz cu mortalitatea[2]: - 28,4% 1 criterie;
- 64,7% 3 criterii;
- 98% oc septic;
-
antibioterapie administrat doar n cazurile SIRS + infecie documentat;
-
nu exist un beneficiu al administrrii profilactice a antibioterapiei;
1. Nancy Rolando, John Philpott-Howard, Roger Williams. Bacterial and Fungal Infection in Acute Liver Failure. Semin Liver Dis 1996; 16(4): 389-402
2. Nancy Rolando, Jim Wade, Milagros Davalos et al. The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Acute Liver Failure. Hepatology 2000; 32(4):734-739.
Metabolism
-
rezistenta crescuta la insulina;
-
hiponatremie, hipokalemie, hipofosfatemie si alcaloza metabolica;
-
NUTRIIE: - enteral cnd este posibil,
- parenteral (risc crescut de infecii);
Intoxicaia cu Acetaminofen:
- crbune activat (doza 1g/kg) n primele 3-4 ore postingestie
- N-acestilcistein (NACC) n infuzie intravenoas: doz de ncrcare 150 mg/kg n
infuzie continu n 15 minute, urmat de 50 mg/kg administrat timp de 4 ore, apoi 100 mg/kg
timp de 16 ore.
1. Adrian Covic, David J. A. Goldsmith, Paul Gusbeth-Tatomir. Successful use of Molecular Absorbent Regenerating System (MARS) dialysis for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure
in children accidentally poisoned by toxic mushroom ingestion. Liv Int 2003; 23(3): 21-27.
Dializa hepatic
- ELIMIN: metaboliii toxici solubili i cei insolubili legai de albumin: bilirubina i acizii
biliari, mercaptani, fenoli, electrolii (cupru, magneziu, oxid nitric), interleukine i citokine pro-
inflamatorii, benzodiazepine endogene, acizi grasi cu lant scurt.
SPAD
-
cea mai simpl modalitate de a realiza dializ hepatic,
-
efecte: ameliorarea encefalopatiei hepatice, scderea nivelurilor plasmatice ale
amoniacului, bilirubinei i acizilor biliari [1].
1. H Ringe, V Varnholt, M Zimmering. Continuous veno-venous single-pass albumin hemodiafiltration in children with acute liver
failure. Ped Crit Care Med 2011; 12(3):257-264.
MARS
-
filtru de hemodializ ce permite pasajul moleculelor de pana la 60 kD
-
toxinele sunt transferate n soluia de dializ mbogit cu 400ml albumina umana 20%
(regenerat naintea fiecrui pasaj prin filtru)
-
rol benefic al MARS ca terapie de salvare la pacienii cu IHA pn la efectuarea
transplantului hepatic (n 5% din cazuri nemaifiind necesar efectuarea transplantului)[1].
-
eficient n scderea HIC, scderea edemului cerebral (doar la nivelul substanei albe)
-
nivelul citokinelor proinflamatorii i fluxul circulaiei cerebrale nemodificate
-
utilizarea citratului drept anticoagulant comparativ cu heparina nefracionat administrat
sistemic nu a dus la creterea incidentelor hemoragice [2].
1. C Doria, L Mandala, V Scott et al. Fulminant Hepatic Failure Bridged to Liver Transplantation with a Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System: A Single-Center Experience. Digestive
Diseases and Sciences 2005;51(1): 47-53.
2. Faybik P, Hetz H, Mitterer G, et al. Regional citrate anticoagulation in patients with liver failure supported by a molecular adsorbent recirculating system. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: 273
9
MARS
Prometheus
-
separarea fracionat a plasmei i absorbie, Filtrul fiind permeabil pentru molecule pn la
250 kD, inclusiv albumina uman
-
spre deosebire de MARS, Prometheus nu a dus la o mbuntire a rspunsului
hemodinamic ( creterea tensiunii arteriale medii, scderea activitii reninei plasmatice, a
aldosteronului, noradrenalinei i vasopresinei) [1]
-
eficien: scderea bilirubinei, amoniacului, ureei i creatininei plasmatice
-
supravieuirea pe termen mediu nu este afectat, rata mortalitii rmnnd practic
neschimbat [2]
1. Laleman W, Wilmer A, Evenepoel P. Effect of the molecular absorbent system and Prometheus devices on systemic
haemodynamics and vasoactive agents in patients with acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver failure. Crit Care 2006; 10:R108.
2. Kribben A, Gerken G, Haag S et al. Effects of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption on survival in patients with acute-on-
chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2012 Apr;142(4):782-789
Prometheus
Transplantul hepatic
-
Singura metod terapeutic demonstrat a crete supravieuirea la 1 an -80%. [1]
-
Factori de prognostic negativ asociai cu TH:
-
vrsta pacientului (dublarea mortalitii la pacienii peste 50 de ani),
-
gradul encefalopatiei hepatice,
-
severitatea disfunciei hepatice (evaluat prin scderea funciei de sintez, agravarea
coagulopatiei i agravarea colestezei).
-
Criteriile de includere pe lista pe ateptare pentru TH:
- criteriile Kings College [2]
- criteriile Clichy-Villejuif [3]
1.Bernal W, Cross TJS, Auzinger G et al. Outcome after waiting-list for emergency liver transplantation in acute liver failure: a single centre experience. J Hepatol 2009; 50:306-313.
2.Neuberger J, Gimson A, Davies M et al. Selection of patients for liver transplantation and allocation of donated livers in the UK. Gut 2008;57:252-57.
3. Ichai P, Samuel D. Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis in adults. Liver Transpl 2008;14(s2):s67-69.
Transplantul hepatic
Transplantul hepatic
Metode auxiliare
Transplantul hepatic auxiliar: - fragment hepatic este transplantat ortotopic sau heterotopic
1.
- ngrijirea multidisciplinar
- dializa hepatic - mortalitatea a sczut sub
35% [1]
- transplantul hepatic
1. Ichai P, Samuel D. Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis in adults. Liver Transpl 2008; 14(s2): 67-69.
Prognostic
Lee W.M. Acute liver failure. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 33(01): 36-45