INTRODUCTION

OF
ACCOUNTING
THEORY
 theory is a deductive system of statements of
decreasing generality that arise from an agreed What
is
or hypothesised premise
theory is a set of ideas used to explain real-
world observations

Theor
y?
Hendriksen offered definitions of theory and accounting
theory respectively:
1. . . . the coherent set of hypothetical, conceptual and pragmatic principles forming the
general framework of reference for a field of inquiry.
2. . . . logical reasoning in the form of a set of broad principles that (1) provide a general
framework of reference by which accounting practice can be evaluated and (2) guide
the development of new practices and procedure.

Accounting Theory?
 1492 - 1800 1956 - 1970

NORMATIVE
PRE-THEORY ACCOUNTING

PRAGMATIC POSITIVE
ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING
1800 - 1955 1970 - present

Periodization of Accounting
Theory
Periodization
of
Accounting 1492 1800
Theory
PRE THEORY 1494: Fra Pacioli wrote the first
PRAGMATIC book to document the double
ACCOUNTING entry accounting system
NORMATIVE
ACCOUNTING Summa de Arithmetica
POSITIVE ACCOUNTING Geometria Proportioni et
Proportionalita
No theory of accounting was devised from the
time of Pacioli down to the opening of the
nineteenth century. Suggestions of theory appear
here and there, but not to the extent necessary to
place accounting on a systematic basis.
- Goldberg
Periodization
of 1800 1955
Accounting Known as general scientific period
Theory
PRE THEORY
PRAGMATIC During this period, emphasize more
ACCOUNTING on creating a comprehensive
framework to define and develop
NORMATIVE
ACCOUNTING
accounting practices
POSITIVE ACCOUNTING
There are logical debate about the merits
of measurement procedures.
1936:
Released A Tentative Statement of
Accounting
Principles Affecting Corporate Reports
1938:
- made an independent review of accounting
principles
- Released A Statement of Accounting Principles

1959:
Established the Accounting Principles Board and
appointed a director of accounting research
Periodization
of 1956-1970
Accounting Called as normative accounting
Theory because accounting theorists
PRE THEORY
tried
PRAGMATIC to establish norms for best
ACCOUNTING
accounting practice.
NORMATIVE
ACCOUNTING
POSITIVE ACCOUNTING Different from pragmatic accounting period,
researchers were less concerned with what
is actually happening and more concerned
with determined theories.
Periodization
of
In 1970, the normative period began
Accounting to fade and was replaced by a
Theory positive era. Two key factors that
PRE THEORY
prompted the demise of normative
period are:
PRAGMATIC
ACCOUNTING the unlikelihood of acceptance of
NORMATIVE any one particular normative theory
ACCOUNTING
the application of financial
POSITIVE ACCOUNTING
economic principles, increased
supply of data and testing methods
Periodization
of 1970 present
Accounting Known as specific scientific period
Theory Positive period arose caused by the
PRE THEORY dissatisfaction of normative theories.
PRAGMATIC Accounting theory is not enough just
ACCOUNTING to normative nature, but must be
NORMATIVE verifiable.
ACCOUNTING
POSITIVE ACCOUNTING The objective of positive accounting
is to explain and predict accounting
practice
This theory leads to the
prediction (hypothesis) that
managers who are
remunerated via bonus plans
use profit-increasing
Bonus
accounting methods more
than managers who are not Plan
remunerated via bonus
plans. theory
RECENT DEVELOPMENT
 RECENT DEVELOPMENT

Academic research Profession

Dalam beberapa kali, bagaimanapun, perkembangan akademik dan

profesional dalam teori akuntansi cenderung untuk mengambil pendekatan
yang berbeda. Sedangkan penekanan penelitian akademik tetap di bidang
teori akuntansi positif, profesi telah berupaya untuk menyatukan teori
praktik akuntansi dan membuatnya lebih bermanfaat, sedangkan peneliti
akademis telah berusaha untuk lebih memahami peran dan dampak
dariinformasi akuntansi.
 Profesi Akuntansi di Australia membangkitkan perdebatan konseptual
1980 dalam upaya untuk memberikan pernyataan definitive sifar dan
tujuan pelaporan keuangan dan untuk menyediakan kriteria yang
tepat untuk memutuskan antara praktik akuntansi alternatif

Australian Accounting Research Foundation (AARF) released ED 42A-

Dec, 1987
D proposed statements of Accounting Concepts.

ED 46A-B the concept of a reporting entity and provided definitions

March, 1988
of the measurement and recognition expenses.

(AARF) formally applied the basis of the conceptual framework in

1990
Statement of Accounting Concepts (SAC) 1, 2 and 3

1992 SAC 4

2005 Transition to IFRS saw the replacement of SAC 3, 4 with IASBs

conceptual framework
Pre 1400s Practice development

1450 to 1750: Pre-theory period (continued development of practice)

1400

1500

1600

1700 1750 to 1920s: Formalization of practice

1800s to 1955: General scientific period explanations of practice

1800
and development of explanatory framework

1900 1956 to 1970s: Normative period 1970s to 2000: Positive

accounting theory

2000 2000 to present: Mixed development Positive and normative

regulatory theories
Sejarah Standar
Akuntansi
Di Indonesia
Source: PPL -
IAPI
Source: PPL -
IAPI
Source: PPL -
IAPI
Reference:
Source: PPL -
IAPI
Dwi Martani

081318227080

martani@ui.ac.id atau d
wimartani@yahoo.com

http://staff.blog.ui.ac.id/martani/
QUIZ
1. When the period of pragmatic accounting was
happened?
a. 1800 1957
b. 1800 1955
c. 1800 1970
d. 1800 1980

2. Mention the other name of pragmatic

accounting ?
e. General period Scientific
f. General Scientific period
g. Normative Scientific period
h. Positive Accounting period
QUIZ
1. When the period of pragmatic accounting was
happened?
a. 1800 1957
b. 1800 1955
c. 1800 1970
d. 1800 1980

2. Mention the other name of pragmatic

accounting ?
e. General period Scientific
f. General Scientific period
g. Normative Scientific period
h. Positive Accounting period
QUIZ
3. Who is the author of the book which the title of
Summa de Arithmetica Geometrica Proportioni at
Proportionalita ?
a. Yamey
b. Massari
c. Fra Pacioli
d. Sombert

4. What organization which released A Tentative

Statement of Accounting Principles Affecting Corporate
Reports ?
e. AAA
f. IAI
g. IFRS
h. FASB
QUIZ
3. Who is the author of the book which the title of
Summa de Arithmetica Geometrica Proportioni at
Proportionalita ?
a. Yamey
b. Massari
c. Fra Pacioli
d. Sombert

4. What organization which released A Tentative

Statement of Accounting Principles Affecting Corporate
Reports ?
e. AAA
f. IAI
g. IFRS
h. FASB
QUIZ
5. Who is not the researchers in the normative
accounting period ?
a. Edwards in 1961
b. Bell in 1961
c. James 1961
d. Chambers in 1966

6. IASB stands for ?

e. International Accounting Standards Based
f. International Account Standards Boards
g. International Account Standards Based
h. International Accounting Standards Boards
QUIZ
5. Who is not the researchers in the normative
accounting period ?
a. Edwards in 1961
b. Bell in 1961
c. James 1961
d. Chambers in 1966

6. IASB stands for ?

e. International Accounting Standards Based
f. International Account Standards Boards
g. International Account Standards Based
h. International Accounting Standards Boards
QUIZ
7. These are authors of a statement of
accounting principles? Except.
a. Sanders
b. Hatfield
c. Saori
d. Moore

8. Mention the era which the positive and

normative regulatory theories happened?
a. Mixed development
b. Positive accounting period
c. Normative period
d. General period
QUIZ
7. These are authors of a statement of
accounting principles? Except.
a. Sanders
b. Hatfield
c. Saori
d. Moore

8. Mention the era which the positive and

normative regulatory theories happened?
a. Mixed development
b. Positive accounting period
c. Normative period
d. General period
QUIZ
9. Mention the era which of the a framework to
explain and predict behavior happened ?
a. Mixed development
b. Positive accounting period
c. Normative period
d. General period

10. Mention the era which of statement of ideal

practices and basis for achieving such practices
happened in ?
a. Mixed development
b. Positive accounting period
c. Normative period
d. General period
QUIZ
9. Mention the era which of the a framework to
explain and predict behavior happened ?
a. Mixed development
b. Positive accounting period
c. Normative period
d. General period

10. Mention the era which of statement of ideal

practices and basis for achieving such practices
happened in ?
a. Mixed development
b. Positive accounting period
c. Normative period
d. General period
QUIZ