CELL CYCLE REGULATION

Introduction
Cell growth and division are divided in to phases
G1 --- Cell grows
S --- Genome replication
G2 --- Cell continues to grow and prepare for cell
division
M --- Mitosis
C --- Cytokinesis

3 principal check points that control cell cycle

Check points

G1 --- Decides whether the cell should divide ,

delay division or enter a resting stage

G2 --- Assesses the success of DNA replication

and trigers start of mitosis, if this check point is

passed cell initiates mitosis
M --- Accuracy of mitosis is assessed , occur

during metaphase, triger the exit from mitosis

and cytokinesis and beginning of of G1
Cell cycle check points
Progression through the cell-division cycle is

driven by activation and inactivation of cyclin-

dependent kinases (cdks)
It trigger the transition to subsequent phases

of the cycle
CDKs are small serine/threonine protein

kinases that require association with a cyclin

subunit for their activation
Cyclins bind to Cdks, activating the Cdks to

phosphorylate other molecules

 Cyclins

Cyclins are named such because they undergo a

constant cycle of synthesis and degradation during

cell division.
When cyclins are synthesized, they act as an

activating protein and bind to Cdks forming a cyclin-

Cdk complex.
This complex then acts as a signal to the cell to pass

to the next cell cycle phase.

Eventually, the cyclin degrades, deactivating the Cdk,

thus signaling exit from a particular phase.

Mechanism
At G2 check point Cdks phosphorylate histones

and proteins that helps to proceed to mitosis

G2 cyclin / mitotic cyclin aacumulates

Mitotic cyclin binds to Cdks to form Mitosis

Promoting Factor(MPF)
As MPF threshold is passed G2 phase ends and

mitosis begins
MPF also activates proteins that degrade cyclin
During metaphase, level of the MPF reduces as the cyclins

are degraded
It causes mitosis to stop

Gradual accumulation of another set of cyclin called G1

cyclin
G1 cyclin- Cdks complex

G1-cyclinshelp to promote passage throughStartor

the restriction point in late G1

G1/S-cyclinsbind Cdks at the end of G1 and commit the

cell to DNA replication

S-cyclinsbinds Cdks during S phase and are required for

the initiation of DNA replication