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Evaporation

Engr. Rolie A. Castro


Evaporation
A unit operation of concentrating a
solution by boiling away the solvent.
The product is a solution that is more
concentrated with the solute
Evaporation may be continued until
the solution becomes saturated and
further until the solute precipitates as
a crystalline solid.
Processes occur during Evaporation
1. Heat is transferred from the heating
medium to the solution.
2. Mass and heat are simultaneously
transferred from the liquid to the vapor
phase.
Types of Evaporator
Evaporator may be classified as follows
1. Heating medium separated from
evaporating liquid by tubular heating
surfaces.
2. Heating medium confined by coils,
jackets, double walls, flat plates, etc.
3. Heating medium brought by direct
contact with evaporating liquid.
4. Heating by solar radiation
Evaporator Equipment
Horizontal Tube Evaporator
Widely use
evaporator design
The solution
evaporated boils
outside the
horizontal tubes
Used for dilute
solutions in which
foaming and
deposition of solids
on the tube surfaces
are limited.
Minimized agitation
Vertical Tube Evaporator,
Standard
The solution boils inside
vertical tubes with the
heating medium held in
a chest through which
the tubes pass.
Natural circulation is
promoted so overall HTC
is better that horizontal
tube.
Not applicable when the
liquid is viscous and
foam formation is
significant.
Forced Circulation Evaporator
The evaporating liquid is
pumped through a heat
exchanger where the heating
medium surrounds the tubes
carrying the solution.
Pressure drop is great to
prevent the solution from
boiling in the tubes. Flashing
occurs in the chamber,
High overall HTC due to
induced circulation
Used in case of viscous fluids
or of solution that must be
kept from boiling in the tubes
to minimized deposition
Long Tube Vertical
Evaporator
Achieves a high
liquor flow rate
through the tubes
by natural
convection.
The design cannot
handle viscous
liquids. However,
foaming materials
certain heat
sensitive materials
may be used
without
Falling Film Evaporator
In this design, the
fluid is fed to the
top of long and
vertical tubes so
that the liquid flows
down the tube walls
and vapor is
generated
simultaneously
while at the tubes.
The design is
usually employed
for heat sensitive
Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficients
Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficients
Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficients
BPR using Duhrings Chart
BPR of Aqueous Solutions
BPR of Many Inorganic Salts
Enthalpy-Concentration
Diagram
Problem 1: Boiling Point Rise
a. Estimate the boiling point at atmospheric
pressure of aqueous solution containing 15
mole% NaCl, 10 mole% MgCl2 and 18 mole
% CaCl2.
b. The boiling point rise of a 30 wt% NaCl
aqueous solution at 1 atm is?
Problem 2
A solution of organic colloids is to be
concentrated from 20 to 65 percent solids
in a vertical-tube evaporator. The solution
has negligible boiling point, and the specific
heat of the feed is 0.93. Saturated steam is
available at 0.7 atm abs, and the pressure
in the condenser is 100 mm Hg abs. The
feed enters at 60oF. The overall coefficient
is 1,700 W/m2-oC. The evaporator must
evaporate 20,000 kg of water per hour.
How many square meters of surface are
required, and what is the steam
consumption in kilograms per hour?
Problem 3
A force circulation evaporator is to be designed to concentrate
50 percent caustic soda solution to 70 percent. A throughput of
50 tons of NaOH (100 percent basis) per 24 hr is needed.
Steam at 50 psig and 95% quality is available, and the
condenser temperature is 100oF. Feed enter at 100oF.
Condensate leaves the heating element at a temperature 20 oF
below the condensing temperature of the steam. Radiation loss
is estimated to be 1.5% from heating element which is based on
the enthalpy difference between steam and the condensate.
Concentrated liquor leaves at the boiling temperature of liquid
in the vapor head. The overall coefficient, based on the outside
area, is expected to be 350 BTU/ft2-h-oF. The boiling-point
elevation of the 70% liquor is 150oF. Calculate:
a. the steam consumption in pounds per hour
b. the area required for the evaporator
Problem 4: Barometric
Condenser
A 10 wt% NaOH solution at 80oF is to be
concentrated in a single effect evaporator
to 40 wt%. Steam is supplied at 20 psig and
the vacuum pressure of the barometric
condenser is 26 in Hg. One hundred gallons
per minute of water at 70oF is fed to the
condenser and the water leaving the
condenser which includes the condensate,
is at 100oF. The overall HTC of the
evaporator is 200 BTU/hr-ft2-oF. Calculate
the steam consumption (lb/hr) and the
heating surface required for the evaporator
in square feet.
Problem 5: Scaling
A certain evaporator is boiling a solution
that deposits calcium sulfate scale. After 4
hr and 10 mins of operation, the U is 545
BTU/hr-ft2-oF and after 12 hr and 30 mins, it
was 430. What would the coefficient be at
the start of operation?
Multiple Effect Evaporator
Methods of Introducing the
Feed
Methods of Introducing the
Feed
1. Forward-Feed System
- Process solution and steam flow in parallel
- Advantage: No pumps is needed in between
effect
- Disadvantage: All heating of the cold feed is
done on first effect, resulting in less amount
of vapor being produced.
Methods of Introducing the
Feed
2. Backward-Feed System
- Process solution flows countercurrent to
steam flow
- Advantage: More steam produced thus better
economy the forward feed.
- Disadvantage: Pumps are required between
effects
Methods of Introducing the
Feed
3. Mixed-Feed System
- The solution enters and intermediate effect
and the allows to flow either naturally or by
means of pump.
- Eliminate certain pumps requirement but
permits that the final evaporation to be
done at the highest temperature.
Methods of Introducing the
Feed
4. Parallel-Feed System
- Concentrated solution are being withdrawn in
each effect while generating steam in each
effect.
Calculations for Multiple effect
Evaporator
In calculations of Multiple Effect evaporator, the usual values to
be determined are:
a. the area of the heating surface in each effect
b. the mass of steam per hour to be supplied
c. the amount of vapor leaving each effect
The given or known values will be the following
a. steam pressure of the first effect
b. final pressure in vapor space of the last effect
c. feed conditions and flow to the first effect
d. the final concentration in the solution leaving the last effect
e. physical properties such as enthalpies and/or heat capacities
of the liquid and vapors
f. overall heat transfer coefficient in each effect
Calculations for Multiple effect
Evaporator
The procedure in triple effect evaporator system is
outlined below:
1. From the known outlet concentration and pressure in
the last effect, determine the boiling point in the last
effect. If the boiling point rise is present, this can be
determine using the nomograph presented on the ChE
HB.
2. Determine the total amount of vapor evaporated by an
overall material balance. Distribute the total vapor
produce in each effect. Usually for the first trial, the
assumption is that V1=V2=V3.
3. From initial assume vapor rate, calculate the initial
different rate of other streams. L 1, L2 and L3
Calculations for Multiple effect
Evaporator
4. Determine the solute concentration in different product streams.
5. Estimate the temperature drops T 1, T2, and T3 in the three
effects. Use the relationship;
U1 T1 = U2 T2 = U3 T3 = UT TT available
If there is BPR: TT available = TT - BPE
6. Using energy and material balance in each effect, calculate the
amount vaporized and the flow rates of solution in each effect.
7. Solve for the value of Q, then solve for individual area.
8. If the area is close enough, get the mean value, A mean.
9. If not close, solve for the other value of A. Start with the values of
the solved L1, L2, and L3 initially to get the new concentration in each
effect and get T new.
Tnew= A1 T1/Amean
then start again on Step 6 until the Area of different effect will be the
same.
Problem 6: Multiple Effect
Evaporation
A triple-effect evaporator is concentrating
a liquid that has no appreciable elevation in
boiling point. The temperature of the steam
to the first effect is 108oC, and the boiling
point of the solution in the last effect is
52oC. The overall HTC, in W/m2-oC, are
2,500 in the first effect, 2,000 in the second
effect, and 1,500 in the third effect. (As the
solution becomes concentrated, the
viscosity increases and the overall HTC is
reduced). At what temperature will the
liquid boil in the first and second effects?
Problem 7: Triple Effect Evaporator
A solution with a negligible boiling point elevation is to
be concentrated from 10 to 50 percent solids in a
triple-effect feed forward evaporator. Steam is available
at 2 atm abs; the absolute pressure in the third effect is
to be 0.13 atm. Feed enters at a rate of 20,000 kg/hr
and a temperature of 15oC. The specific heat of the
solution at all concentrations may be taken to be the
same as that of water. The overall HTC in W/m 2-oC are
3,000 on the first effect, 2,000 on the second effect and
1,100 on the third effect, Each effect is to have the
same amount of heating surface. Calculate the area of
heating surface required, the steam consumption, the
distribution of temperatures, the economy of each
effect, and the overall economy.

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