What is

Strength???
What is the power of materials???
Is it power???
If
In YES thenTerms
Material
Ability to withstand stress without failure is
STRENGTH

FACT:- The limit of the strength of a material can

be
measured ONLY when it undergo FAILURE
Classifcatio

n
Matter is classified as solid and f luid.

The study of solid involves study of

rigid and
deformable bodies.
Study of rigid bodies include statics &
dynamics (which you have already
studied).
What is Mechanics?
Mechanics of any substance is the
complete behavior of that substance under
any circumstances.
So when we talk Mechanics of materials
orStrength of material, we mean

A branch of mechanics that studies the

internal effects of stress and strain in a solid
body that is subjected to an external
loading.
Why do we need Strength of Materials:
Course Overview
Detailed Study of the Following
topics
Concept of stress

Concept of strain

Mechanical properties of materials

Axial load
Torsion

Shear Force &

Gradin Polic
Students
Division of Due
Evaluation by
g
Home works
Grades y Every week
10%
Laboratory Every week
works 15%
5th Week & 13th Week
Quizzes 10%
15th Week
5%
Project
8th week
20%
Midterm Exam As scheduled by
the 40%
Final Exam registra
My Goals for
That each one of you develop an intuition for
Course
the

fundamental principles
That you leave of Strength of Materials
this course

saying,

This course
That we havemakes sense.
an fruitful semester learning

together
Review of main of Static

principles s
Surface Forces. Surface forces are

caused by the direct contact of one

body

with the surface of another. If this area

is small in comparison with the total

surface area of the body, then the

surface force can be idealized as a

single

concentrated force, which is applied

Review of main of Static

principles s
If the surface loading is applied along

narrow strip of area, the loading can

be

idealized as a linear distributed

load,

w(s). Here the loading is measured as

having an intensity of force/length

along the strip and is represented

Review of main of Static

principles s
Body Forces. A body force is

developed

when one body exerts a force on

another body without direct physical

contact between the bodies. Examples

include the effects caused by the

earths

gravitation or its electromagnetic

field. Although body forces affect each

Review of main principles of

Statics
develop at the supports or points of
Support Reactions. The surface
contact
forces that
between bodies are called reactions. As
in
a

general rule, if the support prevents

translation in a given direction, then

Review of main principles of

Statics
Revie of mai principl of Static

w n es s

For

Coplanar
Review of main principles of

Statics
Internal Resultant Loadings
Review of main principles of

Statics
Types of Internal Resultant Loadings
Review of main principles of

Statics
Types of Internal Resultant Loadings
Review of main principles of

Statics
Coplanar Loadings
Review of main principles of

Statics
Example 1.1
Homework:-

Try solving the

problem

using segment AC
Example

1.2
Example

1.2
Example

1.2
Example

1.3
Example 1.
i+I1\.fA = O; 3
FcvG)<2m) - [500(9.81) N](3m) = 0 Finding pin reaction at A

Fco = 12 262.5
N
IF,= O; A, - ( 12 262.5 N)(1) =

+tIFy =
0

A,= 9810 N
-Ay + (12262.5 NJG) - 500(9.81) N = 0
t---2 m-
l-1
O;
N
A,. = 2452.5

.r,px =O' NE+ 9810 N = Determining

m-
IRL at point E
AT
0
NE = -9.81 kN
9810N 500(9.81)
-9810 N =
+""I I,Fy = O' -VE - 2452.5 N= 0 E

VE= -2452.5 N = -2.45 kN

2452.5
ME+ (2452. N)(I m) = 0
S
N
l'vf E
-2452.S N m = kN
= m
Homework Problem
Objectives of the

Lecture
Understand the concept of Stress
Study the types of stress stresse
Mathematical representation of stress
s
Study Normal Stresses in detail
Able to solve problems associated
with normal
Stress
It is defined as the intensity of the internal
force acting on a specific plane (area) passing
through a point within the material assuming
the material to be continuous, that is, to
consist of a continuum or uniform
distribution of matter having no voids.
Also, the material must be cohesive,
meaning that all portions of it are connected
together, without having breaks, cracks, or
separations.
Stress
Stress is similar to pressure except for the
1 Stress is something that is felt internally within
fact that
. the

material body whereas the pressure is something

which is applied externally on the material.

2. Stress is internal while pressure is external
as are
There it istwo
clear byofthe
kinds statement Please
stresses
dont put too much pressure
The Normal & Theon me, I
Shear
i.e.
am already under stress
Stress Stress
Stres

s
Stres

s
Stres
Type Directions Formula Comp.
Example

s Required (n) required

in Cart.

Coord.
Scalar 0 1 Mass (kg)
3 = 30 = 1

Vector 1 3 = 31 = 3 3 Force as

Fx, Fy & Fz
Tensor 2 9 Stress as
3 = 32 = 9

Stres

s
Stres

s
When the load P is
applied to the bar
through the centroid of
its cross-sectional area,
then the bar will deform
uniformly throughout
the central region of its
length, provided the
material of the bar is
both homogeneous
and isotropic.
As a sign convention,

will be positive if it
Exampl

e
The largest loading
is in region BC
Exampl

e
Exampl

e
Solving we

get,
Homework

Problem
Homework

Problem
Homework

Problem
ANSWERS
Objectives of the

Lecture
Understand the concept of Shear
Stress stresse
Study the types of Shear stress
s
Mathematical representation of
Shear stress
Develop shear stress equilibrium
Able to solve problems associated
Average Shear

Stress
 Singl Shea Shear stress 011 bolt
F

e r -r=FIA = Fl nr2

Where r is the radius of

V=F
the bolt
(a) (b)

r = F/bc

Where (be) is the area of

contact subjected to the
shear force
F
(c) (d)
 Doubl Shea Shear stress 0111 bolt

e r -c=(F/2)/A=F/2A

Where A is the parallel area of

the bolt subjected to shear force
E (a) (b)
2

Shear stress 011 bonded areal

-c=(F/2)/A=F/2A

Where A is the parallel area of

the bonded region subjected to
F
shear force
2 F
Shear Stress
The section plane is to
Equilibrium
subjected
Applying force equilibrium.
shear stress .

Similarly,
Shear Stress

Equilibrium
Applying moment equilibrium.
The section plane is subjected
to
shear stress .

So that,
Shear Stress

Equilibrium
In other words, all four
shear
each stresses
other must
at opposite of
have equal magnitude
edges
and be directed either
toward or away
to asfrom
the
Thiselement.
is referred the

complementary property of

shear,

and under the conditions shown

Exampl

e
 Internal Loadings.
30kN

1-IMA = 0;

Fn(:)(6 m) - 30 kN(2 m) = 0 Ax
-2m----4m---i

2-Fx = O; kN) - Ax= 0 Ax= 7.50 kN

(12.5

Ay + (12.5 kN)(;)- 30 kN
-t sr, =
O; () Ay = 20 kN

= 0 force acting on pin A is

Thus, the resultant

FA = V Ax2 + Ay2 = V(7.50 kN)2 + (20 kN)2 = 21.36 kN

 Average Shear Stress.

V 10.68(103 ) N
o F,._ = 21.36
(7 A)avg =
A =
'ii
,,
kN
A -4 (0 . 02 = j4.0 MPa

V :
= = kN = 10.68 kN
A
rn)2
V8
AA 2 3
1. i (7B)avg = -
B
=
12.5(103) N
= 17.7 MPa

7 T (0 03
4 .
m)2

Va = = 12.5 kN
Fa
Exampl

e
For Plane a-a For Plane b-b
Exampl

e
Internal Loadings. 600N

'> 'F = O 360N

. .., '
FABx - 600(!) = 0 FAB = 360 N
\I
+iLFy = O;
FBc - = 0 = 480
FBc N
600() = O; V = 360 Fsc
IF x
N
Average Shear Stress.
600N
a-AB= FAB = 360 N = 240N/m2
360
AAB (1 m.)(1.5 m.) N

Foc ON 2
a-nc= ABc =160N/m
= (2m.)(l.5m.)

360 2
N Nzr 160 N/m
2

Tavg = n
Homework

Prob
Homework

Prob
Homework
If the joint i ubjcctcd to an axial force of
P = 9 k , determine the average he tre developed in
Prob
eac of the 6-n1n1 diameter ar the plate and the
between
h
member and bollalong each of the four haded hear plane

lLIO mm (1",n = 79.6 "" Pa

l Ans,
,J,.,
( 'l"rfiiJ p = zzs k P.a
 Objectives of the

Lecture
Describe concept of Allowable Stress
Study the Applications of Allowable
Stress
Solve Problems related to Allowable
Stress
Describe the Concept of Strain
Study Different types of Strain
Allowable
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio
Stress
load to the allowable load
the failure of

If the If the membe

is subjected
member r
to
is subjected
shear load
to
Application tension member

s p
(1

@
p
)I,

Cross section area of a a

Uniform normal stress

( <Yallo\v
p
==============----;,tl:

:,oi p
A= <
Y
all
Applicatio

ns
Applicatio

ns
Exampl

e
Exampl

e
Homework
The two members are pinned together
Top views or the pin connections at
at B as shown in Fig. 1-3111.
and B are also given in
A the of 'Tallow = 90 lvlP:1
figure. If the pins have an allowable shear stress
and the allowable tensile
Prob. stress of rod CB i (u1)anow = 115 IV! Pa.
determine to the nearest mm the smallest diameter of pins A and B
and the diameter rol CB to the load.
or l necessary support
dA = 7 mm
An
du= I0111m
ti
doc= 9 mm Ans. c
Ans.

---? m----,t----1
B
Homework

Prob.
Homework

Prob.
Strain
Strain is a measure of deformation of a
body
Deformation
Whenever aand
to as deformation, force is may
they applied to a highly
be either body, it will
or
tend to change
practically the bodys
unnoticeable. shape of
Deformation and size. These
a body also
visible
changes are referred
can

occur when the temperature of the body is

1.Direct Strain 2. Lateral
changed.
Normal Strain
Types of Strain
Strain
Shear
Normal

Strain
Normal

Strain
Unit
Sign
Convention
Shear

Strain
Shear Strain between two line segments that
were originally perpendicular
Shear Strain: The change in angle

0' 1t I2

Small Strain
Proof 0'
Analysis
'Y = n I 2 = 8 (in radians)

- tan 8 = 8
T"
For 8 = 3 .
Iy = 8 in radians provided that 8 is very small
Shear

Strain

Sign
Convention
Unit

Conversio
360 Degree = 2 Radians
n 180 Degree = Radians

1 Degree = Radians
x Degree = /1 Radians
Cartesian Strain

Components
Exampl

e
 [Pa:n [a).E 2mm j-3mm
j_ ..
AB' = V (250 - 2)2 + (3)2 = 248.018 '
rif---------------- 1
-
l
mm ,I
1
The average normal
( CAB ) avg -
strain
_ AB' for_AB248.018
- AB
AB -
mm - 250 mm
is therefore
250
T ,1...
lJ

250 mm 1Y..,, . 1
I
i I
l
l
mm
= -7.93(10-3) mm/mm <, 8. J

A
\
LI ..- : .... --=..a: I .l....--Jf

Pan
Cb).
T" rt/2 - 8' . 8' = tan' (248/3)=89.306 =89.306x n/180=1.5587 rad
y = rr./2 - 1.5587 =0.012 rad 7 tan 8 = 3/248 = 0.012 rad
Exampl

e
Homework

Prob.
Homework

Prob.
Homework

Prob.
Objectives of the

Lecture
Illustrate Tension & Compression Test
Study the Stress-Strain Diagram
Study Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Able to solve problems related to
Stress-Strain
Diagram
Mechanical of Material

Properties s
In order to apply an axial

load with no bending of the

specimen, the ends are

usually seated into ball-

and-

socket joints. A testing

machine is then used to

Th Stress- Diagra

e Strain m

A plot in which the vertical axis is the

stress

and the horizontal axis is the strain, the

! ! Ellasflic behavior ot the material occurs \\'hen
Elastic.
the tn the speetmen are woihhil
lehiitwnorr
strains
:Pig.. 3--4. the Uiglhn orange region shown in
c,,!Here the curve
th us iregion, that the stress.actuaH)
is is pwiap,anJ:-a1.r111'
1
to the strain.The
a srraigllt ,iftte t[IJro111iiJ:taut mos
in
so thJis said to be .iftrlH' etastic. Tile upper stress im.im. to
material
itS
ireg5on this
Ulilea1r relarti,ons!hup of
is called rthe prop,o,r1,t,f1011al ltn,,,, o ti lrf
shghll)' exceeds the proportional. limit,
rne stress the curve tends oo bend
fta:nm.en out as shown. Th.is U the st ress reaches the
11.1 ntland

lin,i. Upon reac'hing tlrlns potm, eiasit

continues i1f the loa.d is removed file
speetmen
wuH sfliiH re tum back to its originat shape, Normalll:y fo1r steel,
however,
the elast tc im.it us. seldom determined, since iJ is very close 'to
the
proportional limit and therefore rather ,dlifftcuJt to deteet.
'Yie11dff1 .A sli!{l:Lt increase titl srrese above the e.lla.stic Dimn.it
u n a breakdown
1:g1. mn of 11t1.e m.areriiaU. ana cause it to d{Ol''Jtl
resuH
behavior us called ,y,lt!.ldln,g. and un us indicated b,' the
pew11:urRenrly.
This
da1ik. orange regitolil or the curve .. The stress that causes !,'ierling ds
rectangular
catted
is yil!'ldplas1tc
thecaued streu or,dfj9nnadon.. AU:hough
..v-Ji'eid p,ii'cni. not sJ10\\
ur,, and the n in Fig .. 3-4
,defor.rnatio11
1 thatfor occurs
carboe stee ts or lil1ase rtha. are hort rol[ted, tile yted pou tlt
itS aro.en
diis.1Lu111guishied by h\'o, values, The lipper o,\\1- :,,tt!.ld pa\tnt (u
tfoUowed
occurs by a sudden decrease in noad-carryung .apacit} to a rst, 1

low.er
on Fi.g,,
J.teld potnt.. the speelmen
3-4,Nofli:ce that oncewilll
the yueld.topoint
eia:ngais
reached,
{strain) then as
1,i, lri,10if1,r
1

contlnuei1,r, toad. '\\-l'hen. tile rnateria I is u 11 this sC ate, irt is otten

increaee
S:hoW!11
referred to airy
as. 'being perje;r:t(y JJ,fastt,c',
Co;nve ntio;na I Stress-Strarn1 Dia s
1

''!ii\'lnelil } ieldmg; has ended, ,a:11 increase in load

1

ram,
:Strain HRnden
can
be supported 'bJf lfttespecirneJ:1, res,uittDg tn a curve that
nses.oonunnousty
m:g1.
but becomes
1ulllma1lt- s, fllafflerr
a111
rise init reaches
'Theulflrlil. the eu rvea ju
rna.iirm1.um1 s ress
this manner is 1caHed
ref&re!i to and
llct!lflitJJtfij', as tne id.eri:ttfied. in :PiiJ/:- 3-4 as tine IJ"egiall ilfl
irt Lisstm1n
liliit
Nedkli111 green.IU ta, the uUiimate stress, as the specimen elengajes, u
,91.
ercss-seencaal p area \\ iH decrease.This decrease js [auril:y ,utiif<JrRill over
1

specim en's entire gauge lerngth;

the j11J st after, at. the ulti
however, mate
region off lihe speclrnen. As a result, a eonstrtctton or "neek
10 decrease in a F tends 10
stress, the eeoss-secttonat area \\ il l begfi 11
1

lor:alJz.etJ'
ffor.m u n this regton as tne specimen eanga fru rtner, f1i:s; 3-:Si!i'. This
regton otf the curve due io neclk.urng. is d ndtcated in dark. 8Jr6ell irn
Fig. 3-4.
breaks an lllefra1c:tu'l\t. s: ut- fug., 3-.5b.
Here. tilJ,e sress-sllrailfl dagra:rn tends 1.o curve dalwtr1w.ard untl tile

specmen
Homework:- Having so much difference between engineering and

true

stress-strain Diagrams, why do we still use conventional

Diagrams???
Modulu of Elastici The modulus of

elasticity is a
s ty mechanical

property that

indicates the

stiffness of a
Since strain
material . is
E
dimensionless
will have the
,
same

units as stress,
Engineers often choose

ductile materials for

design

because these materials

are

capable of absorbing

shock

or energy, and if they

become overloaded, they

Brittle Materials. Materials that exhibit little or no yielding
failure are referred to as brittle
before
materials.
Concrete is classified as a brittle material, and it also has a low strength

capacity in tension. The characteristics of its stressstrain diagram

depend

primarily on the mix of concrete (water, sand, gravel, and cement) and

the

time and temperature of curing. Its maximum compressive strength is

It can generally be stated that most materials exhibit both ductile and
almost
brittle
12.5 times greater than its tensile strength. For this reason, concrete is
behavior. For example, steel has brittle behavior when it contains a high
almost
carbon content, and it is ductile when the carbon content is reduced.
always reinforced with steel bars or rods whenever it is designed to
Also, at
The new stressstrain

diagram, now has a

higher yield point a

consequence of strain-

hardening. In other

words,

the material now has a

greater elastic region;

however, it has less

Strain

Energy
Exampl

e
Exampl

e
Homewor Prob

k .

Answers
Homework

Prob.
Homework fi r lvcst r r in i.
Prob.

n in the fieurc, If the rieid ma i upp rtcd y a trut
ni
nd st /) m c fr m this rnatcri I. d lcrmin the

I r The :tr s- trt inandiaeramp Ii d t
th th rn bef re it
h
,18 st I d
rupture: di m tcr e th trut is 1- mm and the
di m tcr ofPth t i 40 of
mm.
The "(MIP,a.}
1!00
951-----
ro '11.l
2m
70 tt.1
100
50 ---,'"-=--. AllS.
40

20
A 1C

ICl. 75 ICl. 75 I
D-.
0
o. o .02 m.oo
.e (mmtmm)
m m
Objectives of the

Lecture
Describe concept of Poissons Ratio Stress-
Solve Problems related to Poissons
Ratio
Study the Shear Stress-Strain
Diagram
Able to solve problems associated
with Shear
Poisson Rati

s o

It has a numerical value that

is

unique for a particular

Homework Prob.
A cylindrical bar, made up of a special material,
has a diameter of 40 mm and a length of 50 cm.
When
100 N,this bar is subjected
it causes the bar totoelongate.
a tensileAs
loading
a result
of elongation, the new length of the bar is 55 cm.

Determine the Poissons ratio for this material?

How much strain is required in the bar, if the bar

is required to have a radius of 15 mm.
Exampl

e
Homework

Prob.
Shear Stress-Strain

Diagram
Modulu of Rigidity
(Modulus of
s Elasticity) for
Normal Stress-Strain
for Shear Stress-Strain
(Modulus of Rigidity)

Relation between E, G &

Exampl

e
Exampl

e
Creep & Fatigue
When a material has to support a load for a very long
period of time, it may continue to deform until a sudden
fracture occurs or its usefulness is impaired. This time-
dependent permanent deformation is known as creep.
In general, the creep strength will decrease for higher
When a metal is or
temperatures subjected to repeated
for higher appliedcycles of stress or strain,
stresses
it

causes its structure to break down, ultimately leading to fracture.

This behavior is called fatigue. In order to specify a safe

strength

for a metallic material under repeated loading, it is necessary to

Homework

Prob.
 Objectives of the

Lecture Loaded
Describe concept of Axial Loads
Able to
Define solve
the problems associated
Saint-Venants with
Principle
Study the Elastic Deformation of an
Elastic
Axially
Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Member
Axial Load
An axial load is the kind of loading that
occurs when
the load acts along the axis of an object.
An Axial load that tends to elongate an
object is known as tensile load.
An Axial load that tends to compress an
object is known as compressive load.
Saint-Venants
This principle states that the
Principle
stress and strain produced at

points in a body sufficiently

removed from the region of

load application will be the

same as the stress and

strain

produced by any applied

Saint-Venants

Principle
Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded

Member
Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded

Member
Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded

Member
Exampl

e
 P(kN)

Exampl 51----
t-----+---------....-x
-

e 3
-
7
------- I----'

Displacement of end A relative to end D:

oAD= u L) I (A)= 5 KN LAB (-3I(N) 4ic + (-7KN) Len
+ AE AE
AE
N.B. if the answer is positive, it means that end A will move away
from end D (the bar elongates). If the answer is negative, it means
that end A will move towards end D (the bar shortens).
The double subscript notation is used to
o
indicate this relative displacement ( A/D); however, if the displacement
is to be determined relative to a [aed point, then only a single subscript
will be used. For example, if D is located at a fixed support. then the
displacement will be denoted as simply 0,1.
Exampl

e
Exampl

e
Homework

Prob.
Homework

Prob.
 Objectives of the

Lecture
Describe concept of Principle of
Superposition
Define Statically Indeterminate Axially
Loaded
Members
Able to solve problems associated with
Statically
Principl of Superpositio

e n

The following two conditions must be satisfied if principle

the
The loading must be linearly related to the
of superposition is to be applied.
stress or

displacement that is to be determined.

The loading must not significantly
Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded

Members
Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded

Members
Exampl

e
Exampl

e
r 11oonh; The rigid cap at the top of the post causes both the
aluminum and bras to displace the same amount. Therefore,
0a1 = 0br + f > F_\ = O;
Using the load-displacem nt r larion hips,
--l-" kN + Fa1 + Fbr =
F 1L FbrL 0
------
Aa,Eat
3

A1xEbr
(l)
_ (Aa1)
A s:
Fat - Fbr br br

Fai = Fbr
- l,
f1r[(0.05 m)2 (Ea1)
(0.025
1r(0.025
m)2Jl 2
[70(10)3 MPa
3
10(10 ) NI
J
t11 ) Pa
I = 2Fbr j (2)
olving Eqs, 1 and 2 simultaneously yields
a tr = 7 .64
Fat 30 kN Fbr 15 kN MPa
= =
30 kN
= 5.09
,r[(0.05 m) 2- (0.0._S m) 2 ] MPa

is kN
V"br = ------ = 7.64
]
.r[ (0.02) m )2 f\J1Pa (c)
Homework

Prob.
Homework

Prob.
Thermal Stresses
A change in temperature can cause a body to change its dimensions.
Generally, if the temperature increases, the body will expand, whereas if
the temperature decreases, it will contract. Ordinarily this expansion or
that occurs,isIflinearly
contraction this is the case,
related to and the materialincrease
the temperature is homogeneous
or decrease and
isotropic, it has been found from experiment that the displacement of a
member having a length L can be calculated using the formula

where
n = a properly of the material, referred lo as the linear coefficient
of thermal expansion, The units measure strain per degree of
temperature.They are 1/F (Fahrenheit) in the FPS systern,
and 1/C (Celsius) or 1/K (Kelvin) in the SI system.
= the algebraic change in temperature of the member
T = the original length of the rnember
L = the algebraic change in the length of the member

o
Constraining these thermal displacements produce thermal stresses
Exampl

e
Exampl

e
 -t F.
= O
;

Initial

lt
po
ition
-- -- ..L-L- -
; (5 (8b) F
Final
, (8b)T
positi
(8,)F on
. h
(+t)
Ft,
Homework
Three bars each made of different ma terials are
connected together and placed between two walls when the
Prob.
temperature is T 1 12C. Determine the force exerted
on the (rigid) supports when the temperature becomes
=
T2 = 18C. The material properties and cross-sectional
area of each bar are ziven in the fizure,
Steel Brass Copper
Est= 200 GPa e; = 100 GPa Ecu = 120 GPa
Ltbr =
12(10-6)fC 21(10-6)/C Ucu = 17(10-6)/C
ll:st =
? A cu = 515 nln12
Ast = 200 mm? Abr
i--O_m_m_-_

F = 4.20 kN Ans
Objectives of the Lecture
Describe concept of Torsion
Formulate torsion for circular shafts
Define the concept of Polar Moment of
of
Inertia
Able to solve problems associated with
the concept
torsion.
Torsional Deformation of a

Circular Shaft
Torque is a moment that tends to twist a
member about its longitudinal axis. Its effect
is of primary concern in the design of axles or
drive shafts used in vehicles and machinery.
Torsion Deformati of a Circul Shaf

al on ar t

we can assume that if the angle of twist is small, the

Torsio Formulatio

n n

S =
Here

Torsion Formulation
Eq.Since dxstates thatare
and d</> thethemagnitude
same for allof the shear
elements strain
located for on
at points anytheof these
cross section
elements x, then
variesat only withd<f>/dx is distance
its radial constant pover
fromthe the cross section,
axis of and
the shaft.
In other words, the shear strain within the shaft varies linearly along any
radial line, from zero at the axis of the shaft to a maximum - at its
outer boundary, d< Ymax
/>

y pd c

d dx
d<
I>
x The shear strain for the
material increases
dx
Torsion

Formulation
Torsion

Formulation
Torsio Formulation
At outer boundary
n with radius equal to
c, shear stress will
be maximum.

Using the above two equations, we

can

derive the following relation

Polar Moment of Inertia (J)
Polar moment of area is a quantity used to
predict an
object's ability to resist torsion, in objects (or
segments
of objects) with an invariant circular cross
section and
no significant warping or out-of-plane
deformation.
The polar moment of area cannot be used analyze
It is used to calculate the angular
to
displacement of an object subjected to a
torque.
shafts with non-circular cross-sections.
The
The larger thepolar
SI unit for polarmoment
momentofofarea,
area, the
like theless
Polar Moment of Inertia for a

Solid Shaft
Polar Moment of Tubula Shaf

Inertia for r t
moment of inertia isas follows.
Homework:- Prove that for a
tubular shaft, the polar

Sign

Convention:-
Exampl

e
SOLUTION
The stress in the shaft varies linearly, such that -r = (plc)-r,,w.n Eq. 5-3.
Therefore, the torque dT' on the ring (area) located within the lighter
shaded region. Fig. 5-J lb. is
dT' = p(-r dA) = p(plc)-rm0x(27ip
dp)
For the entire lighter-shaded area the torque is
T' = 27r'T'mox
C f'' p3 dp
c 157
27r'fmax So that I_
'f J (1)
- C -p
en
4c:12
1' 2 moxC
T
l 4 . 3
This torque T' can be expressed in terms of- the applied torque
T by first using the torsion formula to determine the maximum stress
in the shaft. We have
= Tc= or 'fmax = 2T
'fmox J Tc
3
( 7il2) 7iC
Substituting this into Eq. 1 yields Ans.
Exampl

e
 SOLUTIO
Internal
N Torque. A section is taken at an intermediate location C
along the pipe's axis, Fig. 5-13b. The only unknown at the section is
the internal torque T. Force equilibrium and moment equilibrium
about the x and z axes are satisfied. We require
"i,My = 80 N(0.3 rn) + 80 N(0.2 m) - T = 0
O; T= 40 N m
Section Property. The polar moment of inertia for the pipe's cross
sectional area is ]= ; [(0.05 m)" - (0.04 m)"] = 5.80(10-6 ) m4

Shear Stress. For any point lying on the outside surface of the pipe,
p = c0 = 0.05 m, we have
40 N m(0.05
= Tc0 = = 0.345 MPa Ans.
'T0
1 m) S.SO(l0-6)
m"
And for any point located on the inside surface, p = c, = 0.04 m, so
that Tc; 40 N rn(0.04
T; = = = 0.276 MPa Ans.
1 rn)
Exampl

Section a-

a
-,,,t,1l _ ,, The bearing reactions on the haft are zero. provided
the shaft's weight is Furthermore, the applied torques satisfy
equilibriurn about the shaft's axis.
neglected.
moment
2 M, = 0: 4250 kNrnrn - 3000 kNn1n1 - T = 0 T = 1250

Section Property. The polar moment of inertia for kNn1n1

the shaft is
J = ; (7) mm)" = 4.97 x 107 mm"
Shear Stress. Since point A is at p = c = 75 mm.

Tn = Tc = 1250 kNmm x 75 n1m = l . 89 NI n .1 - = l . 89 "''fP a

iv
J 4.97 x 10 7 mm 4 A
n1
,
ns.
Likewise for point B, at p = 15 rum, we have
Tp
=
1250 kNn1n1 x 15 111111 =O MP A
a ns.
TB= . .J77
J .., 4.97 X 107 mm4
Homework
The tube is subjected to a torque of 600 N
Determine the amount of this torque that is resistedm.by the
gray shaded section. Solve the problem two ways: (a) by
Prob.
using the torsion formula, (b) by finding the resultant of th
shear-stress distribution. e
50 mm

600 Ntn

\
T S 10 N Am
Homework

Prob.
Homework

Prob.
Objectives of the
Able to solve problems with Power
Lecture
associated
Describe concept of Power
Transmission
Transmission
Define Angle of twist with the conceptof
Formulate angle of twist
Able to solve problems
associated angle of twist.
Power

Transmission
Units of Power

Transmission
Calculations for a

Machinery
Note:-
Exampl

e
Solution
'111e on the shaft is determined from Eq. 5-10. that is, P =
torque P in Newton-meters per second and cu in
Tio.
Expressing radians/second.
we have
P = 3750
Nm/
175 .rev ( 21r rad) ( I = rad/s
w= 1111 1 60 18_33
n1in)
11 rev
rnu s
P = 3750 N1n/s = T{l 8.33)
Tt: rad/s
T = 204.6
Applying N1n
4
Eq. 5-12 yields
C 2 C 3!low

c =( 2T )'/3
- =-J
-=-
2(204.6
T
-
1TC
Nrn)(IOOO
111111/111)
)'
'IT, allow
= ( 11( LOO
N/n1n12)
Since 2c = 21.84 mm, select a shaft having a
ll
diameter or c = J 0.92 mm
Ans.
Exampl
A tubular shaft, having an inner diameter of 30 mm and an outer di
ameter of 42 mm, is to be used to transmit 90 kW of power.
Determine the frequency of rotation of the shaft so that the shear
e stress will not exceed 50 MPa.

The maximum torque that can be applied to the shaft is determined

from the torsion formula.
Tc
'Tn1ax = J
6 2
T(0.021 m)
50(10 ) Nim = ( 7T/2)[(0.021 m)" - (0.015
m)"]
T = 538 N
m
Applying Eq. 5-11, the frequency of rotation is
P = 27TfT
3
Ans.
Homework
The solid steel shaft AC has a diameter of 25 mm and
is supported by smooth bearings at D and E. it is coupled to
1

Prob.
a motor at C,, which delivers 3 k \I/ of power to the shaft
1

while mt is turning al .50 rev/s.. If g.ears A and B' remove 1 kW

and 2 kW, respectively, determine the maximum shear stress
developed in the shaft within regions AB and BC. Tue shaft
is free to turn in wts sup- bearings D and E,
port 3kW .
2kW
?5mm

I
A Ans
D E ('t'11s)ma = 1.04
x('t'sc)max =
MPa
3.11 MPa
Angle of

Twist
Formulatin Angl of Twist
dfs = -r
dA (d<j> /dx) =TI G
dT =
g dfs x
p = p -r
dA e J T (x) dx /G J(x)
T=S p 't dA
T Sp (G p d<j> I dx)
Where:
<I> =S
T(x): internal torque at position
dA T = G (d<j> /dx)S
T=G(d<j>/dx) J, x. J(x): polar
. 1110111ent. of
p2 dA .
where J is the polar 1110111 of inertial of
. . cross secnon area at position x.
inertia er1t
<I>:shear
G: angle of twist of
modulus end of the
Fro111 011e other in
before shaft with respect to the
Formulatin Angl of Twis

g e t

Note the similarity in equations between

Axially loaded and torque applied

members
Torsion Testing

Machine
Formulatin Angle Twis

g of t

Note the similarity between

Axially

loaded and torque applied

members
Sign

Convention
Exampl

e
Subscript

Notation
 Example
The gears attached to the fixed-end steel shaft are subjected to the
and the shown
torques shaft has a diameter
in Fig. 5-19a. of 14 mm.
If the sheardetermine
modulus the displacement
of elasticity of
is 80 GPa
the tooth Pon gear A. The shaft turns freely within the bearing at B.

0.5 m

0.3 m
 SOLUTION
Internal Torque. By inspection, the torques in segments AC, CD,
and DE are different yet constant throughout each segment.
Free-body diagrams of appropriate segments of the shaft along with
the calculated internal torques are shown in Fig. 5-l9b. Using the
right-hand rule and the established sign convention that positive
torque is directed away from the sectioned end of the shaft, we have
TAC = + 150 N m TcD = -130Nm T DE = -170 N m
T0= 170 Nm

150Nm I
280Nm 40Nm

These results are also shown on the torque diagram,
Angle of Twist. T(Nm)

The polar moment of inertia for the shaft is 1sof----.

12 x
O 1-----;..;;0..;..;..._o;,.7;..;..
(m)
J = 7T (0.007 m)" = 3.771(10-9) m" -130 -170
I
2
Applying Eq. 5-16 to each segment and adding the results
algebraically, we have

TL ( + 150 N m)(0.4
m) 9
cf>A = JG = 3.771(10- ) m [80(109) /m2]
':i, 4
(-130 N m)(0.3 m)
3.771(10-9) m4 [80(109) N/m2)]
+-----------
(-170 N m)(0.5 m)
+ = -0.2121 rad
3.771(10-9) 9 2
m4 [80(10 ) N/m )]
Since the answer is negative, by the right-hand rule the thumb is
directed toward the end E of the shaft, and therefore gear A will
rotate as shown in Fig. 5-19d.
The displacement of tooth Pon gear A is
Sp = Ar = (0.2121 rad)(lOO mm) = 21.2 1nm Ans.
A = 0.212 rad

p
JO mm
O ,,.

:'t
;.:
.
A

NOTE: Remember that this analysis is valid only if the shear stress
does not exceed the proportional limit of the material.
(d)
Homework

Prob.
Homework

Prob.
Objectives of the Lecture
Describe concept of Bending
Define Beams and its types
Describe concept of Shear & Moment
Diagrams
Study the base case solutions
Able to solve problems associated with the
base case solution Single Concentrated
Load
Able to solve problems associated with the
base case solution Single Moment
Bendin of Beam

g s

Bending (also known as f

lexure)

characterizes the behavior of a

slender structural element

subjected to an external load

applied perpendicularly to a
 Beams & its types
Members that are slender and support loadings that are applied

perpendicular to their longitudinal axis are called beams. In

the
general,

beams are long, straight bars having a constant cross-sectional

area.

Often they are classified as to how they are supported. For

example, a

simply supported beam is pinned at one end and roller

supported at

other, a cantilevered beam is fixed at one end and free at the

Shear & Moment Diagrams
force and bending
Because moment
of the applied that. in beams
loadings, general, vary from
develop point toshear
an internal point
along the axis of the beam. In order to properly design a beam it
therefore becomes necessary to determine the maximum shear and
moment in the beam. One way to do this is to express V and M as
functions of their arbitrary position x along the beam's axis. These
shear and moment functions can then be plotted and represented by
graphs called shear and moment diagrams. The maximum values of V and
M can then be obtained from these graphs. Also, since the shear and
moment diagrams provide detailed information about the variation of the
shear and moment along the beam's axis, they are often used by
engineers to decide where to place reinforcement materials within the
bearn or how to proportion the size of the bearn at various points
along its length.
Shear & Moment Diagrams
In order to formulate V and M in terms of x we must choose the origin
and the positive direction for x. Although the choice is arbitrary, most
often the origin is located at the left end of the beam and the positive
direction is to the right.
The Internal shear and bending moment will be
discoutinuous at points where distributed load
changes or when concentrated load or couples are
applied.
Because of this shear and bending moment must be
determined for each region of the beam located
between any two discontinuttles of loadings.
Shear & Moment

Diagrams
Beam Sign
the distributed load acts downward on

Conventions
the

beam;
The positive directions are as follows:
the internal shear force causes a
clockwise
rotation of the beam segment on
which it acts;

and the internal moment causes

compression
in the top fibers of the segment such
that it
Loadings that are opposite to
bends the segment so that it holds
these are
water.
considered negative.
Base Case Solutions
We
forcehave a total moment
and bending of four base
on cases forbasecase
These analyzing
are as
the shear
beams. s
1 Single Concentrated
follows:-
2.
. Single Moment
load
3. Uniformly Distributed
Load
4. Uniformly Varying
Load
Other than the base cases, could be a number
complex cases that are a combination of various bases
there of
cases.
Example Single Concentrated

Load
Support Reactions. The support reactions have been determined,
p

!
p p

- 2
2
Segment AB < L/2
0
<
+ j LFy = IM= O;
A x
x v
) O; V=O
P/2- M-P/2 x=O
V= p (1 (2
p
p
-2 2 ) )
 Segment BC L/2 < x < L

+ i LFy == O; p
L
1-- -------
p
2
--P-V=O
V::: p (3) A.,1._.,--=--=--=--=-=-
:::
--
=-=======
p
2
t)
2
LM O;
== M
P = 0
M - ) - x v

+ (x p - x) (4)
M == -( L
The table must contain all action

points
X V Eq. M Eq.
0 P/2 1 0 2
L/4 P/2 1 PL/8 2
L/2 P/2 & -P/2 1&3 PL/4 2&4
3L/4 -P/2 3 PL/8 4
L -P/2 3 0 4
 Shear
S.F.D.
Force

Diagram

Bending

B.M.D. Moment

Diagram
Example Single

Moment
SOLUTIO
NSupport Reactions. The support reactions have been determined,

Mo

M
o
L

LMA=O, Re x L - Mo= 7 Rc=Mo/L

O
LMc= ,
O
(1) (3)

(2)

(4)
The table must contain all action

points
X V Eq. M Eq.
0 -Mo/L 1 0 2
L/4 -Mo/L 1 -Mo/4 2
L/2 -Mo/L 1&3 -Mo/2 & Mo/2 2&4
3L/4 -Mo/L 3 Mo/4 4
L -Mo/L 3 0 4
 Shear
S.F.D.
Force

Diagram

Bending

B.M.D. Moment

Diagram
Objectives of the
Able to solve problems associated with basecase
Lecture
the
Study the base case solutions basecase
solution Uniformly Distributed Load
Able to solve problems associated Complex
with the solution Uniformly
Varying Load
Able to solve problems associated
with the cases
Example Distributed
Also determine the position of
Uniformly zero shear and evaluate
Load
maximum bending moment on the beam.
SOLUTION
Support Reactions. The support reactions are shown in Fig.
w
' ' '' ' ' ' '

wi. L
wL
2
wx
2

; -j
,--
Shear and Moment Functions. A x ---: l'tM
If)
wL v
The table must contain all action

points
X V Eq. M Eq.
0 wL/2 1 0 2
L/2 0 1 wL/8 2
L -wL/2 1 0 2
 Shear
S.F.D.
Force

Diagram

Bending

B.M.D. Moment

Diagram
 from Eq. 1:
The point of zero shear can be found

V =
x)= 0
L

w( the value of x represents the

point on the beam where the maximum moment occurs,
the slope V = dM/dx = 0. From Eq. 2. we have
-
x =-
wL2
2
8
NOTE: From the moment diagram,
Example Uniformly Varying

Load
SOLUTION
Support Reactions. The support reactions are shown in Fig.

w0L o
2
WL ----
--- I

--
I
- ---- --
o2 --- I

,
---- ,
W I

--
, I

woL2 ---L----
t---:
I
Shear and Moment Functions.

+ iLF y
= O:'
w0x
2 ( WoX)
L
Wo WoL L
w0L 1 x w_
1 X x - V = 0
-- --
2 L I - I
V =2 - x2) (1
--1 x-V
Wo ) 3
1-----x--1
1+LM = O;
w0L
2
0L (x) + 2
3 - w2L
( L2
1 w0xx ( )+ M = 0

M =
Wo
2
(-2L3
+ 3L2x - x3) 3x
L
1 (2)

6L
The table must contain all action

points
X V Eq. M Eq.
0 wL/2 1 -wL/3 2
L/2 3wL/8 1 -5wL/48 2
L 0 1 0 2
 Shear
S.F.D.
Force

Diagram

Bending

B.M.D. Moment

Diagram
Example Complex
Also determine the position of zero shear and evaluate
Case
maximum bending moment on the beam.
SOlUTIION
Support Reactions. The support reactions are shown in Fig.

1 k: 42 kN
N
Shear and Moment Functions.
+j IF!,,.= 0:
30 k - (2 kN/n1)x - 2.. (4 kN/m) ( x )-'" - V =O
. 18 4
2 2x 21 ( }{ r ).r
_x JTI
V = ( 30 -
kN (1) --=!:'.'.:---:_ _ ---}j
I
1+> M = 2x -
2) 4(-rn):kNfm
i;!:==!==
S2 kN/1n
9
-30 kN(x) O:
- (2

kN/m)x(;)18
+-1 (4kN/m)
kN

?
)x(- 3
( x Ill t) +J\,f=O30

M = ( 30x - x2 - ; ) kN m (2)
The table must contain all action

points
X V Eq. M Eq.
0 1 2
L/2 1 2
L 1 2
 Shear
S.F.D.
Force

Diagram

Bending

B.M.D. Moment

Diagram
Example Complex

Case
SOLUTION
Support Reactions. The support reactions are shown in Fig.

15 kN

-------
80 kNm

B
------5
5.75 kN
m
-
---.----5 m --.....

34.25 kN
(1) (3)

(2)
(4)
The table must contain all action

points
X V Eq. M Eq.
0 1 2
2.5 1 2
5 1&3 2&4
7.5 3 4
10 3 4
 Shear
S.F.D.
Force

Diagram

Bending

B.M.D. Moment

Diagram
 Objectives of the

Lecture
Study Bending Deformation of a
Straight Member
Formulate Flexural Formula
Perform Calculation for Moment of Inertia
Solve Problems relative to Flexural
Formula
Bending Deformation of a Straight

Member
the neutral surface, in which longitudinal fibers of the material will not
The bending moment causes the material within the bottom portion of
undergo a change in length. Fig. 6-18.
the bar to stretch and the material within the top portion to compress.
Consequently, between these two regions there must be a surface, called

Compression

Neutral
axis

Horizomal lines
become curved
V1:11ic.i) IJ1
l\:Ulai n
straight. yet
Before ,, lier de
m4aLc
formation tension
deformauon
Bending
From these observations we of willa make
Straightthe following three
assumptions regarding the way the stress defor the material. First, the
ms surface, Fig. 6-20a, does
Deformation
longitudinal axis x, which lies withinMember
the neutral
not experience any change in length. Rather the moment will tend to
deform the beam so that this line becomes a curve that lies in the x-y
plane of symmetry, Fig. 6-20b. Second, all cross sections of the beam
remain plane and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis during the
deformation. And third. any deformation of the cross section within its
own plane. as noticed in Fig. 6-l9b, will be neglected. In particular. the
z axis, lying in the plane of the cross section and about which the cross
section rotates, is called the neutral axis, Fig. 6-20b.

Before deformation After deformation

Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending

Formula)
Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending

Formula)
Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending

Formula)
Interpreting the Normal Strain

Distribution
Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending

Formula)
Formulating Flexural (Bendin Formul
Emax
Formula g a)
y
Normal stress distribution
Assuming that the
material behaves law)
c =Es (Hooke's
linearly elastic: Normal strain variation
(profile view)
o=E (- y / p) )'

a1=

c
x-M-+-----... -t_
cr=-(y/c)crmax
Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending

Formula)
Interpreting the Normal Stress

Distribution
Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending

Formula)
Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending

Formula)
Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending

Formula)
Interpreting the Flexural

Formula
Calculation for Moment of

Inertia
Calculation for Moment of

Inertia
Exampl
The simply supported beam in Fig. has the cross-sectional
area
shown in Fig.. Determine the absolute maximum bending stress
e
in the beam and bending stress at location
B.
5 kN/m
201_,__-,
r f B -
11
C 150
1 r r r r r r r r r r r mm
N---....--+--A
150mm
20mm
l
_J_
, 20 rt I I
I -6m-I mm. 250 mm D

.
M (kNm)
22.5

h
3 6
.SOlUTION
Bending Stress. Applying the flexure formula, with c = 170 mm, the
absolute maximum bending stress is

a ==-Mc. a == 22.5 kN m(0.170 m) _ MPa

max / , max
== ( 6) 4 - 12 7 Ans.
301.3 10- m
point B, YB = 150 mm, and so

aB = 22.5 kN m(0.150 m) =-11.2

MPa301.3(10-6
) m"

12.7 MPa
11.2 MPa

M=22.5 kN-m
B
Also draw the distribution
across the cross-section of this
stress
beam
D 12.7 MPa
Exampl

e
Locating Neutral

Axis

Calculating Moment of

Inertia
 2.4 kN
1.0 kN 0.05909 m v

Calculating Internal
i----2 m c_
Applying the
Moment
axis, we have
-l
moment equation of equilibrium about the neutral

L+ 2,MNA = 2.4 kN(2 m) + 1.0 kN(0.05909 m) - M = 0

0; M = 4.859 kN rn
Maximum Bending Stress. The maximum bending stress occurs at
points farthest away from the neutral axis. This is at the bottom of the
beam, c = 0.200 m - 0.05909 m = 0.1409 m. Thus,
Mc 4.859(103 ) N m(0.1409 m)
<T max = = = 16.2 MPa Ans.
I 42.26(10-6) m4
Show that at the top of the beam the bending stress is a' = 6.79 MPa.
Exampl

e
 60mm
/
SOLUTION
Without Ribs. Clearly the neutral axis is at the center of the cross
section, Fig. 6-30a, so y c 15 mm == 0.015 m.
== == Thus,
I== _ 1 bh3 == (0 06 m)(O 03 m):' == 0 135(10-6 ) m"
1 2 . . .
_112the maximum normal stress is
Therefore
O-max = Mc = 4_44
MPa
Ans.
(40 N m)(0.015 m) =
I
0.135(10-6) m"
Witl: Ribs. From Fig. 6-30b, segmenting the area into the large main
rectangle and the bottom two rectangles (ribs), the location y of the
centroid and the neutral axis is determined as follows:
- -yA
y ==
2:A
_ [0.015 m](0.030 m)(0.060 m) + 2[0.0325 m](0.005 m)(0.010 m)
(0.03 m)(0.060 m) + 2(0.005 m)(0.010 m)
== 0.01592 m
 Using the parallel-axis theorem, the moment of inertia about the
neutral axis is

I= [ / (0.060 m)(0.030 m):' + (0.060 m)(0.030 m)(0.01592 m - 0.015 m)2]

2

+ 2[ (0.010 m)(0.005 m)3 + (0.010 m)(0.005 m) m - 0.01592 m)2 ]

1
= (0.0325
0.1642(10-6) m"

Therefore, the maximum normal stress is

a = Mc = 40 N m(0.01908 =
4.65
MPa Ans.
max I
m) 0.1642 (10-6) m"
This surprising result indicates that the addition of the ribs to the cross
section will increase the normal stress rather than decrease it, and
for
this reason they should be omitted.