Todays Plan: 3/22/17

Bellwork: Online sordaria lab (20

mins)
Sordaria cards and data for part III of
lab (20 mins)
Work on lab (15 mins)
Karyotyping notes (the rest of class)
Todays Plan: 3/23/17
Karyotyping activities (45 mins)
Work on lab (the rest of class)
Sexual Reproduction
Why sex?
Energetically expensive
Health risks of childbearing
Genetic diversity
Overall heath of the species
Meiosis makes the gametes
Spermatogenesis=4 identical sperm cells,
puberty to death
Oogenesis=1 egg cell per month, initial egg
production before birth then freezing at
Prophase I
Chromosome number and
fertilization
Diploid (2n)=full set of chromosomes, is the result of
fertilization with gametes
Homologs for each chromosome, 1 from mom, 1
from dad
In humans-22 autosome pairs, 1 sex-determing
pair
Haploid (n)=1/2 set of chromosomes, is the result of
meiosis
Karyotyping=generation of a picture of ones
chromosomes for counting/sexing/diagnosing
Kleinfelters-Trisomy 23 XXY
Turners-monosomy 23 XO
Jacobs-XYY
Downs-trisomy 21
Pataus syndrome=trisomy 13
Crie du Chat=missing a portion a chromosome
Figure 12-1-Table 12-1
Figure 12-1-Table 12-2
Figure 12-6a

Normal human karyotype

Abnormal Chromosome Number
Failure of chromosome separation during
meiosis is called nondisjunction
Results in cells with an extra chromosome or
missing a chromosome
When these cells are fertilized, this causes
trisomies and monosomies (both types of
aneuploidy)
Polyploidy-occurs when an individual gets
more than two complete chromosome sets
This is most common in the plant kingdom
Figure 12-15

NONDISJUNCTION
n+1

n+1

n1

2n = 4
n=2 n1

1. Meiosis I starts normally. 2. Then one set of 3. Meiosis II occurs normally. 4. All gametes have an abnormal
Tetrads line up in middle of cell. homologs does not number of chromosomeseither
separate (= nondisjunction). one too many or one too few.
Figure 12-15-Table12-4
Figure 12-16

1
12

1
16
1
20

1
36
1
1 60
1 1 1
100
1000 300 180
Alterations to Chromosomes
These are called chromosome mutations
and occur when a chromosome is damaged
(ex: radiation damage).
Deletions-part of a chromosome is missing
Duplication-a segment of a chromosome is
repeated
Inversion-two segments of a chromosome switch
places
Translocation-a piece of a chromosome moves to
a non-homologous chromosome
In the cases of inversions and translocations,
even though all parts of the chromosome are
present, location seems to affect expression