OPTICAL FIBER

Members
Anup KC
Ayush Shakya
Narayan Bhandari
Shailesh Dahal

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OUTLINE
Introduction
Parts of Optical fiber
Physical Principle
Illustration of TIR
How electrical signal at one end gets transmitted to
the other end?
Types
Advantages
Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION
What is Optical Fiber?
Medium for Data Transmission
Made up of Glass (silica) or Plastic
Works under Total Internal Reflection of Light

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 Why Optical Fiber?
Efficientand Secure
Covers greater distance
High Data rate
Data Security
Long Lasting
Smaller and Lighter

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 APPLICATIONS
Medical
Data Transmission
Telecommunication
Networking
Industrial/Commercial
Broadcasting/CCTV

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 PARTS OF OPTICAL FIBER

JACKET
BUFFER
CLADDING
CORE
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 PARTS OF OPTICAL FIBER
(CONTD)
Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where
the light travels
Cladding - Outer optical material
surrounding the core that reflects the light
back into the core
Buffer coating - Plastic coating that protects
the fiber from damage and moisture
Jacket - Cable's outer covering for
protection of hundreds or thousands of the
optical fibers arranged in bundles of optical
cables
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 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLE
Total internal reflection of light

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 ILLUSTRATION OF TIR

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 HOW ELECTRICAL SIGNAL AT ONE END
GETS TRANSMITTED TO THE OTHER END?
Electrical Light
signal pulse
Electrical to light
Optical fiber
conversion

Transmitter end

Light to electrical
conversion
Electrical
signal
Receiver end

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 TYPES
According to refractive index profile
1. Step index single mode
2. Step index multiple mode
3. Graded index

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 STEP INDEX SINGLE MODE

Refractive index steps from low to high to low

(cladding-core-cladding)
Relatively small core diameter (5 to 10 m with
125 m cladding) and numerical aperture
Single path through a fiber (maximum of two
paths when 10 m core is used)
Used in applications that require low signal loss
and high data rates

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 CONTD
characteristics:
difficult to couple light (because of small core)
No modal dispersion
high bandwidth and data rate

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 STEP INDEX MULTIPLE MODE

Refractive index steps from low to high to low

(cladding-core-cladding)
Relatively large core diameter (62.5 m with 125
m cladding) and numerical aperture
Multimode means multiple modes or paths
through single fiber
Used in applications that require low bandwidth
(<1 GHz) and less transmission distance(<3 Km)

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 CONTD
characteristics:
easy to couple light (because of large core)
modal dispersion
low bandwidth and data rate
Operates with both LASER and LED

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 GRADED INDEX
Compromise between high bandwidth of single
mode and large core diameter and NA of
multimode
Refractive index decreases parabolically from
core center towards cladding
Has advantages of both types of single mode
optical fiber

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 ADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER
1. Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference
Magnetic field lines generate an electrical current as they cut across conductors.
Electromagnetic Interference does occur in coaxial cables, since current does cut across
the conductor.
Fiber optics are immune to this EMI since signals are transmitted as light instead of
current.
Thus, they can carry signals through places where EMI would block transmission.

2. High bandwidth and long distance transmission

have a large capacity to carry high speed signals over longer distances without repeaters
than other types of cables.
can transmit data at the speed of 1 Gbps (normally we have 128 kbps internet
connection at home) which is 1000 time faster than our normal broadband
connection.

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Data rates required for some services

High quality Audio sessions - 125 Kbps

Voice communication 64 Kbps

Internet games and appliances 2 kbps

Compressed High definition video - 20 Mbps

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3. DATA SECURITY
coaxial cables can be easily tapped since the moving electron inside the cable
generate magnetic field around it.
since laser pulse flow inside optical fiber there is no chance of radiation and if
it is cut open to tap in the middle then cable get damaged.

4. SMALL SIZE AND LOW WEIGHT

core is made up off glass or plastic while cladding is made up off
fabric or highly flexible and tensile carbon polymer which makes it
very low weight compared to traditional coaxial cable.
size of core are in the range of nanometer, a small bundle of optical
fiber contains thousand of individual multimode optical fiber which is
much more small than copper wire and very bandwidth efficient.

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 CONCLUSION
One time investment; reduces cost
Increased capacity
High data rates
Security

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THANK YOU!!!