FUCTIONAL FOODS >< DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

NOMENCALUTE
Novel foods Designer food
- Functional foods (FF)
- Dietary supplement (DS)
- Health foods
- Medical foods
- Pharma foods
- Nutraceuticals
DEFINITION

FF refers to the improvement of

conventional foods with added
health benefits/ functions
A newly emerging area in food science
& nutrition how foods can be
modified/ formulated to have specific
physiological or nutritional effects
that improve health
Many cultures have - identified foods
- natural materials
that could - correct disease states, or
- maintein health

The concept that; nature imported to foods a

health giving and curative
function
e.g. herbal teas and remedies
have been used for centuries an
continue in use in many
parts of the wold to day
Generally FF : turned to drugs any food that has positive, impact
on
- individualss health
- physical performance, or
- state of mind
in addition to its nutritive values
PA Consulting Group:
- It is a food (not a capsule, tabled, powder) derived from
naturally accuring ingredients
- it can and should be consumed as a part of the daily diet
- it has a particular function to regulate a particular body
process:
- enhancement of the biological defense mechanisms
- prevention of a specific disease
- recovery from a specific disease
- control of physical and mental conditions
- slowing the aging process
should be a recognition of FUNCTIONAL DIETS
(the overall composition and choice of foods in the diet has afunctional
health effect
e.g. a diet higher in vegetable & fruit products, and lower in animal
products)
STAGES & HISTORY
- Nutrition evaluation of the 1950s
- back to nature revolution of the 1960s
- Package food : - retained in nutrition
- appeared and tasted
- as close to natures intentions
- Medical community and food producers worked
together to isolate the cause and effect of over
abundance of certain ingredients on the human
body function
(s.a: fats, cholesterol levels, sugar, salt contents,
food calories)
monitored by - demanding consumer
reduced - responding producer
 The WHO has high lighted
(:as a conceptual insights)
The disease profile of the world is changing
More so in low and middle in come countries
There is a double burden of diet-related chromic disease a long with
infectious diseases
Globally: > 1 billion overweight, obese, higher than 0.8 billion malnourished
Indonesia : (one of) have mast rapidly growing diet-related chromic disease
problems in the world (Diabetes, CVD, cancer: a tremen dous, burden on the
current healthcare systems
Excess. Calorie-linked chromic disease or under nutrition linked infectious
diseases, are directly or indirectly diet-and enviromental-linked diseases
Technologies for chemoprevention through diet (nutrient and novel
ingredients from other food-grade biological/microbial systems) will be very
important to help manage the current and emenging healthcare challenges
Biotechnology (based on
molecular, cellular, biochemical,
and bioprocessing) concepts
related to advances in functional
foods will be significant at a time
when diet will play a mayor role in
a global population
Scientific knowledge, of beneficial role of
various food ingredients (nutrients & non
nutrients) for the prevention and treatment of
specific diseases is rapidly accumulating

At the same time : novel technologies

(biotechnology, specifically genetic
engineering) have created on era where
Tecnological Scientific discoveries
- product innovations
- mass production (in food
industri) will be possible as
never before

increasing number of potential

nutritional products with medical & health
benefits, so called: functional foods
Combine nutritional + medical benefits
is a old concept

Japanese are stimulating this

emerging concepts in new way
immerse effect on the food
industry gaining acceptance
internationally (globally)
 CONSUMERS INTEREST
Recently accumulating sceientific data
food caonsumption ~ disease insidence
consumers accept health is a
controllable consumers interest in
health promoting gift foods
dramatically, because of (converging
trends)
Clinical evidence
new food components clinical
- epidemiological
- epidemioreseach
NCL Diets
Cancer Branch
(5y -- $20 million)
exp processed foods that
are supplement + food ingredients naturally rich in cancer-
preventing substances, i.e:
- aged garlic extract
- licorice extract
- citurs juice
- a mixed-vegetable
- soybean meal
Age wave : olden consumers > interested
to impove health
= extend life expectancy
Health care cost containment
Media: more use friendly information on
- diet, nutrition and health is being
- public that reality responds to
magic bullets
Nutiriton label
US Nutr labeling and educationAct of 1990
consumers with user friendly nutrition
information an almost all food products
more health conscious
Mission of medicine very effective for seling more
emphasis on the prevention of chronic-diseases a healthy
diet a more important part of medical services.
Food technology
Nutra sweet and simplesse Tasty food and healthy
Haagen Dazz Yogurt
Brand differentiation
Aggressive firms +
Straong technical development capebility
use interest in health & nutrition
as an apportunistic way - to diffentiate
- add value to their brand
of product
FUNCTIONALITY OF INGREDIENTS
Diet is belived an important role in the 4 major
disease:
- CVD
70% of all deaths
- Cancer
- hypertension
- obesity
of the cases of CVD & hypertension
at least 1/3 of the cancer cases can attributed to
diet the major food component
- much fats, paticulary saturates (& trans FA)
- under consumption of - fiber FA
- vagetables
- fruits
the potential medical benefits
of different food ingredients

- mg a cute & chronic IHD (SEELIG, 1908)

- cholin c blood pressure (ZEISEL, 1981)
- fiber CHD & cancer (KROMHOUT, et al, 1982)
- carotene human cancer (Lippman, et al 1987)
- calc osteoporosis (Arnaud, 1990)
- fish oil
Heart chock, stroke (LEAF, 1991)
antioxidants
- specified fats CHD (Krom Hout, 1992)
The JAPANESE min of Helath and Welfare
12 brood classes of ingredients

PUFA FIBER
Isoprenoids
Oligosaceharides
& vitamins
Phytochemicals
Sugar alcohols
& anti oxidants
Lactic acid Amino acids, pep
bateria Tides, protein
Minerals Glycasides
Choline Alcohols
 Extensive medical reseach has been
performed
Controversial ? Different studies
contein contradicting results
Several ingredients are already being
manufactured appear in a fullmenu,
of food products from breakfast cereals
to salad dressings
THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
The whole issue : essentially related to ingredients
- nutritional
- health benefits
Ingredients must be obtained/ produced from
natural sources (natural ingredients)
Research activity oriented towards:
- identifying
- manufacturing
- demonstrating the efficaly of the new
generation of functional ingredients
New or Modern biotechnology (incl. genetic
engineering) :
transfer individual genes from one living organism to
another
enzyme catalysis
protein engineering
plant & animal cell and tissue culture
fermentation technology

to provide :
Novel
Less expensive
Safer
Natural
Higher quality function
DIETARY FIBERS is protective against a
range of disease:
Cancer (colon)
athera sclerosis & associated hypertcnolesterolemio
DM
Diverticulosis
Hypertension
Obesity

Water soluble fibers

oat bran
fibrim soy fiber clinical studies to lower:
psyllium - cholesterol
guar gum - glucose conc. In blood
ALL dietary fiber ingredients have properties of:
chemical :
- nature of the monomer
- ratio between monomers
- chemical bonds between monomers
- degree of polymerization
physical :
- water solubility
- water binding
- oil binding
Microbial production of a new biological forms of
dietary fiber:
xanthan gum (by xanthomonas campestris)
gellan gum (by pseudomonas elada)
pullulan (by A. pullulan)
curdlan (by A. feecolis)
dextran (by sucrose + dextransucrose)

Novel product : FIBERCEL (a feast devived

fiber)
The current contribution of biotechnology to the
development of FATS & oils:
more recognizable
exits substantial scientific information on :
physico enhancing function.
e.g : replacement of certain SFA with
- PUFA
- MUFA reducing CHD
Biotechnology-based approachs: to produce modified
oilseeds crops/ modified lipids and derivates:
1.Genetic manipulatios
2.Microorganisms producing commercially significant
quantities of selected specially fats and oils
- yeast candida lipolytica unique fats & olis
- molds y. linolenic acid
- a fungal soil isolate: mortiella alpina arachidonic acid
3.Enzymes (e.g. Lipases) used to modify existing fats
& oils linoleic acid + a mixture of MCT (medium
chain triglyceride catalyzed by lipases in an
acidolysis)
EXAMPLES of FUNCTIONAL FOODS

Milk products
Elie metchnikoff (Nobel prize), 1908:
Consumption of milk fermented + lactobacilli
would prolong ones life

The principle organism :

- Bifido bacterium
- Lacto bacillus
Potential Health benefits:
improved lactose digestion
control of intestinal pathogens
reduction of serum cholesterol
tumor inhibiting effects
immune system stimulation
prevention of constipation
generation of group vitamins
production of bacteria cins
inactivation of some toxic compounds
Product:
- traditional KEFIR, Koumiss
- new product :
natural light yogurt, OHBA yogurt
ophilus bifidus
whole grain bio
yakult
BA life, non fat BA yogurt
BEVERAGE
most of the functional foods development are beveranges,
e.g:

Fibe mini (japans bestselling soft drink, contains dietary fiber

supplement, mineral, vitamis, from OTSUKA)
PF21. a protein rich sports drink, contain collagen)
AQUALIBRA, swiss formula sports drink based on alkaline-
farming ingredients
POCARI SWEET STEVIA, isotonic sports drink, with stevioside
FIBI from coca cola a fiber-rich soft drink
Ca, calcium fortied drink (D-dairy)
OLIGO CC, carbonated beverage consisting of oligo-sugar
extracted from soybean
SPOFIT, an energy restoring drink, consisting maltodextion
TEKKOTSU INRYOE, on iron + Ca rich beverage for children
TOSHUCHA, tea fortified + Ca
FOODS
Current products
ready meals
breakfast cereals
biscuits
baby foods
ice-cream
salad dressings
Examples are:
oat brand ~ a bread containing soluble
fibre
common sense Oat Bran Flakes ~ a bran
base cereal
oat bran Sunwheel Natural Foods ~ a
whole meal oat bran biscuit
Fiber max391
Hemace ~ an iron supplements candy
Ladys can Fen ~ a functional candy +
iron, vitamins, FOS
Yugao Bijin ~ a pasta rich in natural
dietary fiber
Fibre Harmony ~ a pork sausages +
wheat fibers
 REGULATORY
ISSUES
Distinction Food --- Drug : less precise
the regulatory issues become more
complex

Key legislative issues focus on :

- the origin
- safety
- use
- effect of health enhancing ingredients
a precise definition of what
Constitutes a health claim:
Based on the beneficial effects certain
ingredients may have on the consumers health in
the context of a sensible balanced diet

In Japan (other countries) there are many food

products on the market with advertisements
praising functional benefits that are positioned
as more beneficial can not be officially
labeled or designated as functional foods, nor can
specific medical benefits be claimed until
legislation is passed
Establish a system for approving functional
foods, granting such products individual
health claims for specific health needs based
on approved and sufficient research data
US. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) do not
allow for health claims to be mode in
connection to food products as outlined in
the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938.
There were doubts over psylliwms safety
controversial cereal. Calling it Fiberwise instead
of Heart wise
the FDA allows specific dietary health
claims based on the NLEA (Nutrition,
labelling and Education Act, 1990), re
cognizing that recent scientific evidence
shows potential links between specific
dietary ingredients and chronic diseases
4 ingredients have been highlighted by the FDA
- dietary fibers cancer of colon CHD
- lipids cancer, CHD
- Calcium -- Osteoporosis
- Sodium -- hypertension
 NATURAL PRODUCT and
EXTRACTS
Large number of plant preparations & extracts
a few animal sources
used as traditional/ herbal medicine &
marketed as dietary supplements
They are subject to regulations relating to foods
rather than medicines
Can be sold over the counter in range of outlets
and relatively:
- loose safety quality
- honest discription provisions of food
legislation are enforced locally at the point of sale
in the UK by - trading standards officers
- environmental health officers
 can cure/ be beneficial as a treatment or
prevention for disease

Product - packing unless

the product
- advertising has been licensed
- sole literature as a medicine
A culinary use for a substance is a positive
criterion for inclusion
Historical dictionary of the worlds plant
foods, has been used as an outhoritative
source of information about the past and
present use of plants as foods
In Germany
a long history of the use of herbal preparations
by orthodox medical practitioners.
established a committee to determine the
efficaly and safety of the many herbal
preparations then being sold (almost 200 items
approved)
these summaries include :
- the drugs source & composition
- its use
- indications & contra indications
- side effects
- interactions
- dose
- mode of administration
- mechanisms of action
 SECONDARY PLANT
METABOLITES
Abundance of : Diet that has a varied and
evidence plentiful supply of - fruit
- vegetables
~ increased longevity
reduces risk of developing a
chromic age-related
disorder (cancer, CHD)

led to consumers
Throughout the industrialised world being
advised
 UK, USA are urged to eat at least five 80 gram
portions of fruit + vegetables/ day (in practice
only a quarter of UK adults)
Explained by conventional nutritional
(properties)
(rich in vitamin & minerals)
- antioxidants functions
and others :
(secondary - high levels of dietary fibre
metabolites) - relatively low in saturated fat

having protective potential (not essential

in the diet)
Many thousands secondary metabolites, that serve
variety of diverse functions
- acting as attractants for insects
- discouraging consumption of the plant body
by herbivores
- protecting against microbiol infection
- protecting against damage by UV

SPM have well-established medical properties

- the salicylate (aspirin-like subtances)
- the cardiac glycosides (Dixoxin)
- the antimaterial drug (guinine)
- carotenoids antioxidant effects may
reduce tissue damage by
oxygen free radicals (the
age- related degenerative
changes and diseases: cancer,
CHD
Ctozier (2003)
Spm classifications (based on
biosynthetic origins)
- Terpenoids
- Phenols and polyphenols
- Sulphur-containing compound and
the nitrogen containing alkaloids
 TERPENOI
DS
a diverse group of over 25.000 different substances
calssified according to the number of C 5 isoprenoid
units
derived from the precursoi subtance isopentenyl-
diphosphate
sub catagories :
HEMITERPENES (C5) : the volatile compound
isoprene
MONOTERPENES (C10)
- the characteristic odous
to many plant oils
- widely used in flavouring
and as perfumes
GERANIAL in Lemon oil
LINALOOL in Cariander oil
MENTHOL in pepparmint
SESQUITERPENES (C15)
include zingiberene and BISABOLENE
Choroctenistic smell of ginger
DITERPENES (C20): GINKOGLIDE-A in Ginko
biloba extracts
TRI TERPENES (C30)
- Plant sterol STIGMASTEROL and
SITOSTEROL
- SAPONIN, (phytosterols, phytostanol)
have surfactant properties
stable foam
 TETRATERPENES (C40)
- made up entirely of the CAROTENOIDS
- the most prevalent carotenoids in human
blood are
* CAROTENE (carrots, tomato)
* LUTEIN (green leafy vegetable, red
peppers, peas)
* LYCOPENE (tomato products)
* CAROTENE (carrots, oranges)
* CRYPTOXANTHIN (orange)
- the pinkish colour of salmon and some
crusta ceans is due to the presence of
metabolites of plant carotenoids
HIGHER TERPENOIDS (>C40): UBIQUINONE
PHENOLIC compound (PHENOLS,
POLYPHENOLIS)
More 8000 phenolic secondary metabolites of plants
have been identified
Vary from simple molecule (a single aromatic ring)
Polymeric & conjugated forms diversity
The basic structure :
PHENOLIC ACIDS a large amounts in plant
galls (:GALLIC ACID)
HYOROXYCINNAMATES
STILBENES polyphenols, produced in response
to attack by microbial pathogens
 FLAVONOIDS
- Polyphenols, a largest group of
phenolic compounds
- often found in the epidermis of leaves
and fruits
- proteeting from damage by UV light
conferring resistance to disease
- subdivided into:
FLAVONOLS : QUERLETIN
KAEMPFEROL
ISORHAMNETIN
LUTEOLIN
myRICETIN
(Green vegetables, enoins, apples, berry friuts,
tea, red wine)
FLAVONES :
- not widely distributed
- in parsley, thyme, celery
FLAVONOLS
- simple monomeric CATECHINS (green tea, apples
apricots)
- polymeric forms: PROANTHROCYANIDINS (apple,
chocolate, red wine)
ANTROCYANIDINS
- red, blue, purple colouration of fruits (grape, cheries)
- protect against light damage
FLAVONONES (Citrus fruits)
ISO FLAVONES
- mainly from soya beans, legumes
- GENISTEIN, DAIDZEIN, as phyo-oestrogens
able to bind to the mammalion oestrogen receptor
have slight oestogenic activity alleviate acute
menopausal symptoms, reduce the risk asteoporosis
N - Containing ALKALOIDS &
S - Containing Compounds

A round 12.000 plant chemicals: alkoloids,

most from amino acid precursors.
A few (THEOBROMINE cocoa, chocolate,
CAFFEINE coffe)
-Where some of the earliest medicinal
products derived from plants due to
relatively easy to relatively easy to extract
(Drugs and POISONS)
 ATROPINE
- from deadly nightshade (Atrapa belladema)
- binds with and blocks the acetly chodine
receptor at parasympathetic nervous system
SOLANINE - (green) potatoes nousea, voaniting
respiratory symptoms
NICOTINE tobacco, stimulates acetylchdine /
nicotinic receptors at ganglia, neuromuscular
junction, neurones
QUININE from the bark of cinchona succriruba the
first effective for malaria
CURARE blocks the acetyletoline receptor at
motor nerve endings mucle parolysis (as an arrow
tip poision)
VINCRISTINE
- from blue periwinkle plant vinca roses
- widely used in the chemotherapy of several cancer
 CODEIN and MORPHINE from the opium
poppy
- used as narcotic analgesics
- with HEROIN, are used as illegal recreational drugs
COCAINE from the coca plant
- a local anaesthetic, present in early versions of cola
drinks
- a CNS stimulant short lasting euphoric effects
THEOBROMINE in chocolate (seed)
- a cought remidy
- a mild stimulant in human, toxic
CAFFEINE in caffe a mild CNS stimulant
COLCHICINE reduce the pain and inflammation in
Gout
- clinically important drugs are based upon natural
substances produced by plants (HERBAL-REMIDYES)
- a substance/ extract is natural - harmless ?
- safe to consume?
The 2 categories of S-containing plant
secondary metabolites:

The GLUKOSINOLATES
- found in cabbage (Brassica genus) Cruciferous plants.
broccoli, brussets spouts, radish, rape, couliflower,
turnip, mustard, watercress

- produce GLUCOSINOLATES damaged by processin/

chewing ISOTHIOCYANATES (bitter taste) have
potential anti-cancer properties (lung colorectal)
 THE SECONDARY METABOLITES REDUCE
RISK OF CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE
DISEASES
The mechanism:
(potential sites of action)
ISOTHIOCYANATES:
same potential environmental carcinogen
activated, more damaging to DNA
(+ cellular component)
by initial stages (in the bodys
detoxification process)

phase I enzymes convert

environmental chemicals more
water-soluble metabolites excretion
 2 nd
stage detoxification of foreign chemicals:
- S. cont. coumpound (anion genus)
isothiocyanates (broccoli) phase III enzymes to
harmless
metabolites
high dase of extracts interfere with several
presciption drugs
Certain carcinogens interact with DNA
cause alteration of bases : - Guanine
- cytosine
potentially carcinogenic
Antioxidant activity
mutations
-Vitamin
-Carotenoids (DNA damage)
-flavonoids
 A number of
- enviromental
- dietary chemicals
as cancer promoter
- androgens (male sex steroids) promote
prostate - Ca
- oestogens promote breast - Ca

Phyto oestrogens (say foods)

 Blood cholesterol canc (spec: LDL) risk
othero
sclerosis, CHD
protective effect of
- plant sterols
- S camp in garlic
(by inhibiting its adsorption)
LDL is oxidised more damaging to arterial
walls (more
atherogenic)

antioxidant potential of plant chemicals

(vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, flavonoids)
 Atheroslerosis can precipitate acute life -
theratening thromboses ischaemic damage
in the tissue
- myocard infarction (heart attact)
- stroke
- pulmonary embolism

certain polyphenols, salicylates, phyto-estrogen

- inhibiting the initial aggregation & activation
of blood latelet
- affecting the blood clotting process
- inhibiting thrombin formation
 Carotenoid reduce the degrenerative changes
in the retina (age-related macular
degenaration)

The studies are based

- purified chemical products in short-term
reductionist laboratory experiment using in
- vitro system
- animal models
- long term human consumption of crude plant
extract for epidemiological observations

should be regarded with extreme

sceptism unless the safety and
efficacy of any food/
supplements has been
THE INDIVIDUAL PLANT &
ANIMAL EXTRACTS
AGNUS CASTUS
an aromatic three/ shrub/ chaste-tree
the ancient greeks to reduce libido to have
aphrodisiac qualities
monks pepper
many substances have biological-pharmacological
activity:
CASTICIN : - a flavonol present in his fraction
- to elleviate symptoms of PMS
(premenstrual syndrome) during the
luteal-phase of young woman
(hypersecretin of the pituitory hormone
prolactin) as prolactin inhibitory factor for the
nerve transmitter dopamine.
- a dopaminergic effect : 20 mg ofextract of
ALOE VERA
a gelatinous substance (thick leaves the cactus)
used as - a cosmetic preparation and after-sun
lotions (anti-
inflammatory)
- itch relieving pain killing, healing
properties
oral supplement : reduce blood - lipid levels
- glucose levels
exude a bitter yellow substances : aloe
latex/juice contains ANTROQUINONE a
harsh laxative
drying the juice : dark brown granules approved
by FDA as an over the counter laxative
as components of the soluble dietary fibre,
vitamins, minerals, saponins (triterpenoids with
surfactant properties), essensial FA
evidence in the scientific literature : - positive
BEE PRODUCTS
HONEY : the most used from bee keeping is a
normal-food
ROYAL JELLY :
a substance secreted by young bees to feed the
young larvae and the queen bee, some
accumulates in the queen cell
the Royal Jelly of the queen bee as is associated with
great fecundity and a much longer life than
other female bees the queen of foods for human
beings
composition : - 70% water, 12% CH (glucose,
fructose)
- 12% protein, 5% lipids
devoid of fat soluble vitamin, vit C, B
vitamins, several minerals
present in a typical supplement dose are nutritionally
= a huge numbers of claims for the beneficial
effects with almost no scientific substantiation
for these claims for topical use and taking
supplements, as:
- a generic tonic
- reducing fatique
- improving mental-physical performance
- leading to a general health improvment
- anti bacterial , anti tumor activity
- reducing blood cholesterol
(animals human studies)
Allergic reactions precipitate severe asthma
attacks
BEE POLEEN
a mixture of
- pollen by bees from flowers
- Mixed with nectar
- regurgitated honey, containing digestive
- enter the hive, by a wire mesh, into a collecting
vessel.
The composition depend upon the types of
flower 20% prot. , 30-40% CHO (simple
sugars), small amount of lipids (essential FA),
water soluble vitamins, essential minerals
Typicals doses: 0.5 1,5 gram little
contribution for macro & micro nutrients
Contains - flavonoids
- free amino acids
- nucleic acids
- many enzymes (be in activated, digested
in the human gut)

Numerous claimed
anti oxidant activity
anti-inflammatory athletic performance
reduced atherosclerosis,
lowered blood-pressure
treatment of benign prostate-hypertrophy
given the risk of allergic reactions and
the lack of any substantial (scientific)
evidence for benefit not
recommended as a dietary supplement
BEE PROPOLIS
a complex mixture of plant resin collected from -
plants
- Bee wax
- bee-secretions
For various construction purposes in their hives
it has - antibacterial
- antifungal
- antiviral properties
- caffeic acids esters anti tumor activity
almost 200 individual components
50% plant resin rich in flavonoids
- phenols
(caffein acid, hydroxy)
30% lipid (bee wax, plant lipids)
10% essential oils
5% pollen
5% organic meteriols & minerals
The suggested benefit is based upon
extrapolotion of its in vitro
- anti microbial activity
- anti-tumor activity in human cancer cell (no
clinical trials)
Bee Propolis its extracts (ethanolic) are sold as
tablets, capsules or liquids, in 0.5-1 gram doses
S.c: allergic reactions contact dermatitis
CHITOSE
CHITIN : abaoundent, long, fibrous polymer _N-acetylglu
cosamin found in
- the chief component of fungal cell walls
- many inter vertebrates
- shells of crustaceas (crabs, lobsters, shrimps)
Acetylated with No OH chitosan
The current advertising claims fat magnet for weight control
chemical laboratory experiments & animals studies
(not viva studies) : fat + cholesterol bind to ionised
sites of on the chitosan
inhibiting the lipase enzyme
prevents its digestion & absorption
fat content of faeces increase (amounted to only 1.1 gram/day =
10 colories/day)
Insignificant effect
Human trials for weight control consisten with the negative findings (
in effective aid)