LOB40203

SEAPORT & TERMINAL OPERATIONS

PORT DEVELOPMENT

MUHAMAD SYAZWAN BIN SUTERIS 56212114081

MOHAMMAD HALIS AZHAN BIN MOHAMAD NORDIN
56212114199
SHAHRUL FARIS BIN AHMAD FAUZI 56212114208
 LIST OF CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction 2
2.1 Phases Of Port Development 4
2.2 Factor For Port Change 5
3.1 Growth In World Trade 6
4.1 Port Management Development 8
4.2 Summary Of Port Development 9
5.1 Development In Terminal Operation 11
6.1 Development OF Container Terminal 13
7.1 Worlds Ports Ranking 14
7.2 Requirements To Create A Hub Port 16
8.1 Port Of Rotterdam 17
9.1 Green Port 23
1
 1.1 INTRODUCTION

Ports, like most other commercial activities, are

constantly changing.
Their design and infrastructure change as the
vehicles using them change and their functions
develop and alter as the trade passing through
them varies in type and quantity.
Port development has been progressive, in line
with the demand for goods since they were
first established. 2
 1.1 INTRODUCTION
Ports have been changing their design,
infrastructure, cargo-handling technology,
labour requirements and culture.
This development might have been evolving
over 200 years for London ports, for example,
but some other ports in the world may have gone
through the same process in just a few decades.
It is important to say that some ports were simply
closed or changed to another area during the
3
evolution seen in the two centuries.
 2.2 FACTOR FOR PORT CHANGE
CHANGES IN THE INLAND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
The coming of the railways tended to make large ports larger and small ports
smaller.
Road transport had the effect in motorways saw a revival in many smaller ports.

CHANGES IN TRADE PATTERNS

The effect of co-operation between countries or regions can have negative
or positive effects on some ports.

CHANGES IN FINANCIAL AND LOGISTICAL THINKING

From simple warehouses, some ports areas have become industrial areas
which are able to provide value-added activities.
They are sophisticated marketing and distribution center .

LENGTH OF LIFE
Ports often last a long time, sometimes centuries.
Therefore, they have to adapt and change over the course of time. 4
Sources: Port Management & Operation, 3 Edition, Chapter 2, P14
rd
 3.1 GROWTH IN WORLD TRADE
World seaborne trade
volumes were increased
every year even if there
occurs a reduction in
2009.
A key influence on
seaborne trade in 2015
was China.
Over the last decade,
China has contributed the
largest shares of import
volume growth,
particularly in imports of
dry bulk commodities,
Sources: Review of Maritime Transport 2016, UNCTAD, Chapter 1, P7
 3.1 GROWTH IN WORLD TRADE
The phenomenal growth of
the Chinese economy is
effecting most the worlds
trade routes.
Port traffic at Chinese ports
has been increasing 11%
every year since 1998.
In 2007, China imported 383
million tons of iron ore.
In 2008, China has produced Location Chinese Ports
90% of the worlds toys.
6
4.1 PORT MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT

4th
3rd Generation
Generatio (After
2nd
n 1990s)
Generation
(after
1st (after 1960s)
1980s)
Generatio
n
(before
7
1960)
 4.2 SUMMARY OF PORT DEVELOPMENT

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation

Period of Before 1960 After 1960s After 1980s After 1990s

development
Main cargo Break-bulk Break-bulk Bulk and unitized. Unitization of a large
Bulk Larger ships, hence percentage of the
more space for cargo.
cargo.
Attitude and Conservative. Expansionist. Commercially More sophisticated
the Port Changing point of Transport, industrial orientated. use of automation.
Development transport mode. and commercial Integrated transport
Strategy center. node and logistic
center.
Scope of Ship cargo interface Act. 1st generation Act. 1st & 2nd Act. 1st , 2nd & 3rd
activities Loading & Cargo generation generation
unloading transformation Cargo and Industrial
Storage Commercial information Processing Zones
Continue .. Navigation Industrial linked to distribution Clusters or Port 8
Services Ship Logistics activities Charges
 4.2 SUMMARY OF PORT DEVELOPMENT

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation

Organization Independent Closer relationship United and Globalization of

characteristic activities within the between port and integrated port communities
port user relationships. Greater
Informal Loose relationship Move to privatize environment
relationship in port activities control
between the port Casual relationship
and its users with port and
municipality
Production Concentrated Loads Load flow Flow and load Emphasis on quality
characteristic in flow integrated services distribution and communities of
s Low value added Average value information service and trained
added Multiple services workforce
High value added High value added
Decisive Labor and capital Capital Technology Information
Sources:
Factors Based on Port Marketing and the Challenges of the 3rd technology
Generation Port, UNCTAD Report 1990
9
 5.1 DEVELOPMENT IN TERMINAL OPER.

1850 - 1900 - 1960

Increases in ship
1800 - 1900
Cargo movement size and
in warehouse by
1850
Port of London has
hand truck and
improvement in
Before received the tonnage cargo-handling
distribution would
1800 has
Port operation doubled over the
be by horse or
technology.
unchanged for previous century. The storage and
The industrial railway. warehousing
centuries.
Loading and revolution was under function decreased
unloading process by way but the port as an
the crew, In 1840, UK had a area of industrial
The cargo would be national railway activity increased.
handled manually, system. 10
 5.1 DEVELOPMENT IN TERMINAL OPER.

Sources: Port
Management &
Operation, 3rd
Edition, Chapter 2,
P26
Typical break-bulk general cargo terminal for 1900, 11
1920 and 1960.
 5.1 DEVELOPMENT IN TERMINAL OPER.

A New era for dry cargo shipping and ports

1976 1985
First fruit juice
1970s First semi- carrier.
Introduction of barge- submersible has These ships require
1965 carrying ships such been produced. specialist terminal
PCCs and PCTCs as Lash and Seabees. facilities.
cause require to the Originally it was
port parking facilities thought that these
and their large ships could manage
"windage" berthing with little or no
may cause problems. terminal facilities. Ocean Ranger
12
6.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CONTAINER TERM.

13
 7.1 WORLDS PORTS RANKING
Worlds leading ports
by total volume, 2013
2015 (Thousands of
tons).

14 of these top 20
ports are in China, a
further 3 in Asia and 1
each in Australia,
Europe and North
America.

These 20 ports
experienced an 85%
decline in growth, from 14
Sources: Review of Maritime Transport 2016, UNCTAD, 6.3% in 2014 to 0.9%
 7.2 REQUIREMENTS TO CREATE A HUB PORT
Available 24 hours Located along main trade routes
and 7 days a week Located surrounded by
PORT- LOCATION industrialized area
services as
Port regulatory RELATED Have adequate deep-water
authorities GOV. berths
Customs
Immigration AGENCIES Modern equipment
& Minimum documentation
Banking CAPABILITY & high level of
Insurance COMMERCI computerization (Tech.
Surveyors. AL development)
SERVICES
Provide plenty support to
the vessels and their Well-established and
staffs as SAFE well-organized port
Telecommunicatio ANCILLARY security and policing
ENVIROME
ns services SERVICES functions, port safety
Water supplies NT and dangerous cargo
Ship repairs functions
Waste disposal CONDUCIVE
Medical services FREE Rates and charges in the hub ports
COMMERCI
To minimize transit time and COMMERCI must be
AL Attractive, & transparent,
procedures, the hub port must AL (TRADE)
ENVIROME Sensible,
Simplified and flexible 15
provide zones for distribution, ZONE
consolidation, value-added and NT
Sources: Southeast Asian Regional Port Development
 8.1 PORT OF ROTTERDAM
The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in
Europe.
Information about Port of Rotterdam:
Location : Rotterdam, Netherlands
Opened : 14th Century
Worlds Ranking : 9th
Size of harbor : 52.569 km2
Land Area : 52.973 km2
Size : 105.542 km2
Employees : 180,000 (2016)
Chief Exe. Off. : Allard Castelein
16
 8.1 PORT OF ROTTERDAM
In the port of Rotterdam hundreds of millions
of tonnes of cargo are handled on an annual
basis.
461.
2 466.4

224.
223. 6
127. 126.
82.3 87.7 5
1 2

28.3 27.7

Comparison of Throughput
between 2015 - 2016 Unit: Gross weight in million metric tons
17
Sources: Website Port of Rotterdam (https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/the-port/port-facts-and-
8.1 PORT OF ROTTERDAM

18
8.1 PORT OF ROTTERDAM
Overview of the Rotterdam city ports with the Merwe-Vierhaven ports
indicated. To the left is the newly reclaimed land with new port known
as2008
the Maasvlakte
1970- 1960- 1946- 1920- 1800- 1400-
+ 2008 1970 1960 1940 1900 1800

19
 8.1 PORT OF ROTTERDAM
Map of the Port of Rotterdam. Different areas and several
towns in the boundary.

20
ource: portofrotterdam.com
8.1 PORT OF ROTTERDAM

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8.1 PORT OF ROTTERDAM

22
9.1 GREEN PORT
Definition
A sustainable, environmentally friendly port, making the
port and the logistical chains that serve it more sustainable
is an economically driven choice, and the product of a
long-term strategy for the development of the port.
(Prof. Tiedo Vellinga, 2011)
A product of the long-term strategy for the sustainable and
climate friendly development of port infrastructure.
(Bostjan, Franka, Boris, Marko & Bogomil,2014)

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9.1 GREEN PORT
Definition
A green port is one in which the port authority together with
port users, proactively and responsibly develops and
operates, based on an economic green growth strategy, on
the working with nature philosophy and on stakeholder
participation, starting from a long term vision on the area in
which it is located and from its privileged position within the
logistic chain, thus assuring development that anticipates on
the needs of future generations, for their own benefit and
the prosperity of the region that it serves.
(Prof. Tiedo Vellinga, 2013)
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9.1 GREEN PORT
A Green Port is a port that sees green growth as
an economic driver and as key to its commercial
and operational activities.
The green port concept or sustainable and
climate friendly development of the ports
infrastructure in a broader sense means
responsible behavior of all working structures,
from the ports management to each individual
employee.
The future competitiveness of ports will depend 25
9.1 GREEN PORT
A green port development consists of optimizing
the economic, environmental and social benefits of
ports, including city ports with connecting
waterways, and hinterland connections,
surrounding cities and adjacent coastlines.
Green Port themes
Spatial planning port and surrounding area
Transport modalities and information infrastructure
Environmental quality (water, soil, air, dredged material, noise
etc.)
26
Climate change (mitigation and adaptation)
9.1 GREEN PORT
The port administrator of a Green Port would
go about this as follows:
He tailors the future vision to the stakeholders and ensures
it is approved by the major stakeholders
He coordinates his hinterland strategy to match that of
ports and industrial areas that serve the same hinterland,
and works together with them to do this
He connects and integrates other spatial claims and plans
and aims for win-win combinations and long-term
agreements
Finally, he develops an adaptive master plan, as the future 27
 LIST OF REFERENCES
Alderton, P. M. (2008). Port management and operations, Third Edition. England: Informa.
Alderton, P. M. (2009). Reeds Sea Transport Operations And Economics, Fifth Edition. London:
Adlard Coles nautical.
Vier, T. B. (2010). Hub Ports: A Case Study of Port of Singapore, 066.
Sien, C. L., Goh, M., & Tongzon, J. L. (2003).Southeast Asian regional port development: a
comparative analysis. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
UNCTAD (1990). Port marketing and the challenge of the third generation port. United Nations
publication. New York and Geneva. Available at http://http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/
tdc4ac7_d14_en.pdf (accessed 25 March 2017).
UNCTAD (2015). Review of Maritime Transport 2015. United Nations publication. New York and
Geneva. Available at http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2015_en.pdf (accessed 25
March 2017).
UNCTAD (2016). Review of Maritime Transport 2016. United Nations publication. New York and
Geneva. Available at http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2016_en.pdf (accessed 25
March 2017).

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THANK
YOU