Translation Procedures

by Newmark
Definition
Translation is often described as rendering the meaning
of a text into another language in the way that the
author intended the text.
The term procedure, implies concentration on the
process of translation itself, on what actually happens
between the source and the target text.

Definitions above are taken from Peter Newmarks book

A Textbook of Translation
Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation
methods and translation procedures. He writes that, "while
translation methods relate to whole texts, translation
procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of
language" (p.81). He goes on to refer to the following methods
of translation:
Following methods of translation by Newmark :
Word-for-word translation
Literal translation
Faithful translation
Semantic translation
Adaptation
Free translation
Idiomatic translation
Communicative translation
Classification

Translation procedures as such are described in Chapter

8 (A textbook of Translation, 1988), and it is claimed
that they are used for sentences and the smaller units
of language, and that their use always depends on a
variety of contextual factors (81). Here I provide an
outline of Newmarks procedures; further discussion of
examples and individual cases follows in the section
concerned with the analysis of sample translations.
Classification

The following are the different translation

procedures that Newmark (1988b) Through-translation
proposes: Shifts or transpositions
Modulation
Transference
Recognized translation
Naturalization
Compensation
Cultural equivalent
Paraphrase
Functional equivalent
Couplets
Descriptive equivalent
Notes
Componential analysis
Synonymy
Example by Newmark
Transference : 1. Modem = modem
2. Laptop = laptop
3. ( kursiyyun) = kursi
4. Radio = radio

Naturalization : 1.gear = gir

2.bus= bis
3. symbol = simbol
4.energy = energi
5.calendar = kalender
6.serious = serius
7.crisis = krisis
Cultural equivalent : 1.April fool = April mop
2.pedicab = becak
3.baseball = kasti

Functional equivalent : 1.sorban = kopiah

2.puppet = wayang
3.punt = rakit
4.spatula = (alat) sudip

Descriptive equivalent:
1.Panettone = the traditional cookies from Italy that we can eat in every new year party
2.Lothek = the traditional foods from Java thats made by peanut sauce and boiled
vegetables
3.Koteka = traditionally worn by native male inhabitants of some ethnic groups in Papua to
cover their genitals.
4.Bajaj = a three-wheeled traditional vehicle which usually located in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Synonymy: 1.Handsome = goodloking
2.Right = true, child = kid
3.happy = glad = pleased = delighted
4. good = splendid = fine = excellent
Through-translation: 1. First name = namadepan
2. Extra time = tambahanwaktu
3. Normal School = Sekolah Normal
4. The Bongolian Box = Kotak Bongolia
Shifts or transpositions:
1. Good day = hari yang indah
2. Badluck = sial

Modulation: 1.Youre going to have a son = andaakanjadi ayah

2.The baby was born premature = bayi itu lahir prematur
3.The laws of China govern this one-child policy. (Kebijakan satu anak ini diatur oleh hukum
China. *aktif diterjemahkan menjadi pasif*
4.He broke his leg. ( Dia mematahkan kakinya.)
Recognized translation: 1.United Kingdom = Britannia
2.UNO = PBB
3.EU (European Union) = Uni Eropa
Compensation: 1.You have my word = janji
2.have a good time ! = bersenang-senanglah !
3.A pair of scissors = sebuah gunting
4.A burning desire to share The Secret with the world consumed me. (Hasrat yang menyala-nyala untuk
membagikan Rahasia kepada dunia membakar diri saya.)
Paraphrase:
1. Thanks giving = perayaan sebagai wujud rasa terimakasih, biasanya dilakukan pada kamis terakhir di
bulan November di negara Amerika.
2. Halloween = malam pada tanggal 31 oktober dimana anak anak memakai kostum seram dan
mengunjungi rumah rumah untuk mengumpulkan permen.
Couplets:
1.menu (menu) = transference and naturalization
2.data (data) = transference and naturalization
3. Hookah (Borrowing + Transcription) India smoke
Hookah Rokok hisap khas India
4. Carburator (Borrowing + Calque)
Karburator komponen mesin
Notes:
1. phobia = ketakutanakansuatuhal
2. offside =
suatupelanggaranposisipermainandalamsepakbola
3. Stonhenge is the place to go for tourist and druids.
NB : The Druids were priests who carried out religious
rituals in Iron Age Britain.
4. The family of a man suspected of murdering a 22-year-
old woman in an act of cannibalism says it is in "shock".
NB : cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating
the flesh or internal organs of other human beings.
The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b)
proposes:
Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes
transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."
Examples
Rap (musik) --> Rap
Program --> Program
Bison (hewan) --> Bison
Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to
the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)
Examples
Television ---> Televisi
Vision ---> Visi
Mission ---> Misi
Girl ---> Anak Gadis
Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here
economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark,
1988b:84)
Example
Beautiful --> Cantik, Indah, mempesona
Ugly ---> Jelek, Buruk
Through-translation: it is the literal
translation of common collocations, names
of organizations and components of
compounds. It can also be called: calque or
loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL
with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark,
1988b:83)
Example
Snow White --> Putri Salju
Sleeping Beauty --> Putri Tidur
Beast --> Buruk Rupa
Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word.
(Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example
Boarding House ---> Kos - Kosan
Pub ---> Klub Malam
Pajama ---> Baju Tidur
Descriptive equivalent:in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is
explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example
Sari (Indian) -->pakaian tradisional wanita India
Kashrut (Jewish)-->Aturan diet bagi kaum Yahudi
Matryoshka (Russian) -->Satu paket boneka kayu yang
mengisi satu sama lain.
Componential analysis: it means "comparing
an SL word with a TL word which has a
similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-
one equivalent, by demonstrating first their
common and then their differing sense
componen
ts." (Newmark, 1988b:114)
Example
Man ---> Laki - Laki Dewasa
1. Fudschijama (German) Fujiyama (Indonesia)
2. Serious (Inggris) Serius (Indonesia)

Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal
morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)
Naturalization: Adaptasi dari kata pertama bahasa sumber dengan pengucapan normal, kedalam
morfologi normal bahasa sasaran.
Contoh : 1. Estate (bahasa Inggris) estat (bahasa Indonesia)
2. Television (bahasa Inggris) Televisi ( bahasa Indonesia)

Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are
not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Cultural equivalent: Penggantian kata kebudayaan dari bahasa sumber kedalam bahasa sasaran.
Meskipun, kata tersebut tidak akurat.
1. Pajamas party (menginap bersama)
2. Bachelor party (pesta bersama sebelum pernikahan)

Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Functional equivalent : diperlukan penggunaan kata budaya yang netral.
Contoh : 1. contractor translated into Persian is Moghatekar (kontraktor diterjemahkan dalam
bahasa Persia sebagai Moghatekar.
2. common-law wife (concubine) selir

Descriptive equivalent:in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words.
(Newmark, 1988b:83)
Descriptive equivalent: dalam prosedur yang satu ini arti CBT dijelaskan dalam beberapa kata.
Contoh : 1. Samurai Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to the nineteenth century
(aristokrasi Jepang dari abad kesebelas hingga abad kesembilan belas)
White Monday Holy Spirit (hari suci)

Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning
but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their
differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)
Componential analysis: artinya membandingkan kata dalam bahasa sumber dengan kata dalam
bahasa sasaran yang memiliki kata yang hampir sama namun tidak secara detail sama, dengan
mendemonstrasikan komponen pertama secara umum kemudian perbedaannya.
Contoh : 1. Clean air = fresh air which you can breath in. (udara bersih)
2. Sweet talk = nice words in talking. (Kata-kata manis)
Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
Synonymy: hampir mendekati dengan kesamaan bahasa sasaran.
Contoh : 1. Personne gentile kind person (orang baik)
2. Conte piquant racy story (cerita cabul)

Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and

components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
Through-translation: terjemahan secara harfiah dari padanan kata secara umum, seperti nama-nama
dari organisasi dan komponen-komponen senyawa kimia. Dapat juga disebut: penerjemahan calque
atau loan.
Contoh : 1. European Cultural Convention Convention culturelle europenne.
2. Study group group d'tude.
Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change
from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL,
(iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth.
(Newmark, 1988b:86)
Shifts atau transpositions: melibatkan perubahan grammar dari bahasa sumber kedalam bahasa
sasaran, misalnya, (i) perubahan dari bentuk tunggal ke bentuk jamak, (ii) perubahan itu diperlukan
ketika suatu struktur dari bahasa sumber secara spesifik tidak terdapat dalam bahasa sasaran, (iii)
perubahan kosa kata dari bahasa sumber kedalam bahasa sasaran, perubahan kelompok kata benda
dari bahasa sumber kedalam bahasa sasaran dan seterusnya.
Contoh : 1. Theres a reason for life Hay una razn para vivir (Ada alasan untuk menjalani
hidup)
2. Its getting dark comienza a oscurecer (Sudah menjelang malam)

Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text
in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in
terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)
Modulation: terjadi ketika penerjemah meniru pesan yang terdapat di teks asli dalam teks bahasa
sasaran dengan penyesesuaian norma dari bahasa sasaran, karena bahasa sumber dan bahasa
sasaran mungkin menunjukkan ketidaksamaan dalam hal perspektif.
Contoh : 1. Il na pas hsit He acted at once (Dia bertindak sekaligus)
2. shallow poco profondo (Kedangkalan)

accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Recognized translation: terjadi ketika penerjemah secara normal menggunakan istilah umum dalam
menerjemahkan istilah institusional yang dapat diterima.
Contoh : 1. Farley acts as cavalier Farley acts as knight. (Ksatria)
2. Rechtsstaat constitutional state (Konstitusi negara)

Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another
part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)
Compensation: terjadi ketika pengurangan makna dalam satu bagian kalimat dan digantikan pada
bagian yang lain.
Contoh : 1. A piece of ... (sedikit ...)
2. The cow are grazing ... (sapi itu merumput ...)

Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much
more detailed than that ofdescriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Paraphrase: dalam prosedur ini makna CBT dijelaskan. Disini penjelasan lebih detail daripada dalam
persamn deskriptif.
Contoh : 1. Numerophobia, fear of numbers is an irrational fear because we deal with
numbers every day of our lives, from telling the time, measuring stuff, credit cards, money among
other things. (ketakutan terhadap angka merupakan hal yang irasional karena setiap hari kita harus
berurusan dengan angka dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, dari memberitahukan waktu, menghitung
barang-barang, kartu kredit, uang diantara hal-hal lainnya).
2. Ablutophobia, or fear of bathing, is a relative uncommon but serious phobia. It
appears to be more prevalent in women and children. (takut untuk mandi adalah hal yang relatif
tidak biasa namun merupakan phobia yang serius. Hal ini muncul secara lebih lazim pada wanita dan
anak-anak).

Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Couplets: dipakai ketika penerjemah menggabungkan dua teknik penerjemahan yang berbeda
contoh : 1. Hookah (Borrowing + Transcription) India smoke
Hookah Rokok hisap khas India
2. Carburator (Borrowing + Calque)
Karburator komponen mesin

Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Notes : notes merupakan informasi tambahan dalam penerjemahan
Contoh : 1. Debrecen the city of Debrecen, in West Hungary
Debrecen kota Debrecen, di Hongaria Barat
2. Crumphet Englands traditional cake

Crumphet kue tradisional Inggris