Plagiarism is a very serious offence According to the definition

given by the University of Manchester (Similar definitions are used

by other universities as well) Plagiarism is presenting the ideas,
works or words of other people without proper, clear and
unambiguous acknowledgement.
It is important that you distinguish between the work of others and
your addition to it or your completely new contribution.
You should never copy paste even from your own previous work in
public domain (self-plagiarism)
Plagiarism is cheating you can be failed from a course due to
Plagiarism.
Plagiarism includes but is not limited to copying and replicating
from any source including but not limited to online sources, books,
magazines, thesis reports and the notes/work of any students.

Plagiarism warning
 Lecture slides for each coming week will be provided in the preceding week through
the shared folder on university drive. Relevant text book sections and examples will
be mentioned in slides. You must come prepared in lecture after going through slides
at least once as the lecture will be given in a discussion format.
Week Contents

Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

1
Review of Fundamentals and Introduction to the Stress
Direct stresses (normal and shear) in axial members and connections (force
2
method/equilibrium considerations for 1D problems) under a variety of loading scenarios

Previous week`s topic continued and discussion extended to

3 1. Distributed loads/body forces.
2. Stress as a design criterion and design /analysis examples

Direct determination of Biaxial stresses

Stresses on inclined plane
4 Stresses in thin walled pressure vessel
The 3D Stress tensor
Complementary property of Shear

Topics and study plan

Week Contents

Differential form of Equilibrium Equation

The airy stress function
5 The 3D Strain Tensor
Direct determination of strain (examples)
Strain displacement relations and related examples

Direct determination of strain (examples contd.)

6 Strain displacement relations and related examples
Compatibility

Mechanical Properties of Solids (The Constitutive relations)

Experimental determination of constitutive relations
Introduction to strain gauges
7 Elastic plastic laws
Strain Energy and Modulus of resilience
Different types of idealized material models.
Relevant example problems

Topics and study plan

Week Contents

Thermal Stresses and relevant constitutive relations.

Three dimensional Hooks Law for isotropic Materials
Relationship between E, G and v
8
Lame`s constants and inverse stress/strain relations
Non-Isothermal Generalised Hooks Law
Dilation and Bulk Modulus

One dimensional statically indeterminate problems: Bringing together the

equilibrium, compatibility and constitutive equations
9
Examples relate to point loads, distributed loads, rotating assemblies, thermally
induced loads and residual stresses for compound members (i.e structural composites)

10 Mid term exam

11 Stress Concentrations
Torsion of Circular Members and power transmission shafts
Derivation of torsional formula for thin walled and thick walled cylinders
12
Co-axial compound Shafts
Related examples

Topics and study plan

Week Contents

Thermal Stresses and relevant constitutive relations.

Three dimensional Hooks Law for isotropic Materials
Relationship between E, G and v
8
Lame`s constants and inverse stress/strain relations
Non-Isothermal Generalised Hooks Law
Dilation and Bulk Modulus

One dimensional statically indeterminate problems: Bringing together the

equilibrium, compatibility and constitutive equations
9
Examples relate to point loads, distributed loads, rotating assemblies, thermally
induced loads and residual stresses for compound members (i.e structural composites)

10 Mid term exam

11 Stress Concentrations
Torsion of Circular Members and power transmission shafts
Derivation of torsional formula for thin walled and thick walled cylinders
12
Co-axial compound Shafts
Related examples

Topics and study plan

Week Contents

Gear basics and Motor driven shafts (power transmission)

13 Stress Concentrations in Shafts
Related examples

Torsion of Non Circular Members

14 Torsion of thin walled arbitrary shaped sections
Elastic Plastic Torsion

Optional topic if time permits - Beams

15 Shear force Diagrams and Bending Moment Diagrams
Principle of Moments, Centroids and Moment of Inertia

Optional topic if time permits - Beams

16 Shear force Diagrams and Bending Moment Diagrams
Principle of Moments, Centroids and Moment of Inertia

Topics and study plan

About the Subject
Various names slightly different connotations

Mechanics of Materials
Strength of Materials
Solid Mechanics
Mechanics of deformable bodies

Most fundamental and a very important course

for mechanical engineers
 What is the objective of Solid Mechanics
To enable engineers to Analyze and Design safe and useful
structures
Structures that do not fail unexpectedly
That do not deform excessively
Use materials in an optimized manner reducing cost and
increasing efficiency

About the Subject

 Employment opportunities
Stress engineers
Structural design engineers
Failure and life assessment
Teaching and Research
Example industrial span all disciplines and include among
others areas such as
Aircraft structural design, automotive parts design, wind
turbine blade design, sports equipment, Protective equipment
design, design of nuclear reactor components, simulation
and optimization of manufacturing processes such as
forming, drawing, pressing etc.

About the Subject

Usually you will find the following historic outline for the
development of the subject of mechanics of materials

- Archimedes (287 212 B.C) Buoyancy and principle of

lever etc.
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Galileo (1564
1642) Beams and rods etc.
- Coulomb, Poisson, Navier, ST. Venant, Cauchy, Maxwell,
Kelvin, von Neuman and Einstein etc.

Historical Perspective
Was any contribution made by Muslims?
www.muslimheritage.com
Arabic ilm al-athql or the science of weights

Diagram of mzn al-hikma (the balance of wisdom) designed by Al-

Isfizr and Al-Khzin and described in detail by Al-Khzin in Kitb
mzn al-hikma (515 H)
http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=983
 Structure: Components needed to support loads and to
keep deformation within acceptable limits.
Mechanics:Physical Science concerned with the
movement and deformation of a body acted on by
mechanical, thermal or other loads
Continuum: Hypothetical continuous distribution of
matter interested in overall effect of the action of many
atoms and molecules
Rigidbody: A piece of continuum that does not undergo
any deformation
Elasticbody: A body that fully returns to its original
unloaded shape once the load is removed

Fundamental notions
 SimplifyingAssumptions require deep insight into physical
behavior. Ingenuity and imagination along with a firm hold on
mathematical fundamentals is key for correct problem
formulation.
Simplifications must be weighed against the required accuracy
of the results.
In reality every body deforms to some extent under load,
however if we start considering the deformation of every
member then the analysis will become overly complex.
Hence rigidity is always defined relatively for example in
analysis of a beam deflection we often consider the support as
rigid these supports are usually made of steel or similar metals
however if we are considering stresses during deep drawing of a
steel cup the steel plate cannot be considered rigid but the punch
and die of steel may be considered rigid.
In the same problem if we are concerned with the design for
punch life we will need to consider the punch as deformable etc.

Simplifying Assumptions
 Pointforce: The simplest form of force distribution
where force is assumed to pass only through a point.
Frictionlesssurface: Every surface offers frictional
response to application of contact load but in most of
the static equilibrium problems we can ignore the
effects of both friction and slip.

Fundamental notions
Problem Formulation: Modelling
Problem Formulation: Modelling
 Equilibrium
Balance of forces and energies
Compatibility
A single point can only have one value of displacement
Constitutive Equations
The material properties defining the relationship between the
force intensities and the deformation

Pillars of Solid
Mechanics
 We will be visiting these concepts
again and again because you need
to harmonize your self with these
For mechanics of material these are
analogous to the basic scales of a
song

Pillars of Solid
Mechanics
 Forcedistributions
BodyForce
A force distribution that exerts influence directly
throughout the body is termed body force distribution for
example Gravity or magnetic field
SurfaceForceSurfaceTractions
Force distributions over a surface have normal and
tangential components usually specified per unit area of
the surface influenced. For example force distribution on a
body submerged in a fluid.

Fundamental notions
Force per unit length Symmetric load
distribution (continuous load) on a beam
is of described per unit length, usually
given by wdx where w is an equivalent co-
planar load intensity to the original applied
loading.
dA

SurfaceForce
For example force distribution on a body
submerged in a fluid. In case of a static fluid Infinitesimal area
the force from the fluid on an area element element on a body
is always normal to the area element and
always directed in towards the body.

Fundamental notions
 SurfaceForce
The force per unit area stemming from such fluid action is
called pressure and denoted by p. Like force components
pressure is a scalar quantity (imp)
The direction of the force resulting from a pressure on a
surface stems from the orientation of the surface. Hence df
= -pdA

Fundamental notions
 VectorandTensors*: The word tensor derives from the
Latin tensus meaning stress or tension but in mathematics
Tensors can mean much more then stress with stress only
being a special kind of a tensor

* Joseph C. Kolecki, An Introduction to Tensors for Students of

Physics and Engineering, NASA/TM2002-211716

Fundamental notions
 The rank or order of a tensor refers to the number of indices
needed for expressing it.
A scalar is a tensor of rank 0: i.e. only magnitude no direction
Mathematically a variable for example u
A vector is a tensor of rank 1: for example force or
displacement vector remember area can also be a considered
as a vector i.e. a magnitude and a direction
In this discussion we consider a vector as a quantity which can
be described fully by three orthogonal rectilinear components
along the axes of a Cartesian reference and For any rotation of
axes the components of a vector transform in a certain way.

Fundamental notions
 A vectors can be multiplied by scalars to produce
new vectors with the same sense or direction
To alter both the magnitude and the direction of a
given vector, however, a multiplication by a scalar is
no longer sufficient nor forming the cross product
with another vector is, unless we wish to limit the
change in direction to right angle.
So how do we change both the magnitude and
direction ?
We use a Dyad

Fundamental notions
 A Dyad is a tensor of rank 2 - for example stress tensor
A Dyad is defined as a system that has a magnitude and
two directions associated with it. In Cartesian space It has
9 components.
Inner product of a vector and a dyad, results in another
vector with both a new magnitude and a new direction.
In Mechanics of Materials the word Tensor most often
refers to the mathematical concept of Dyad, however
higher ordered tensors are also encountered in study of
advanced concepts.

Fundamental notions
 In progression from single number to scalar to vector to
tensor, etc., information is being added at every step. The
complexity of the physical situation being modelled
determines the rank of the tensor representation we must
choose.
A tensor of rank 0 is sufficient to represent a single
temperature or a temperature field across a surface, for
example, an aircraft compressor blade.
A tensor of rank 1 is required to represent for example, the
electric field surrounding a point charge in space or the
gravitational field of a massive object.

Fundamental notions
 A tensor of rank 2 is necessary to represent a magnetic
permeability in complex materials, or the stresses in a
material object or in a field, and so on... *

* Joseph C. Kolecki, An Introduction to Tensors for

Students of Physics and Engineering, NASA/TM2002-
211716

Fundamental notions
 Is every static body not in a state of dynamic
equilibrium?
For moving bodies in dynamic equilibrium the problem
can be reduced to that of static equilibrium if an
additional force equal to mass times acceleration of the
body is applied at the mass centre of the body in a
direction opposite to that of the acceleration.
After this the free body diagram can be drawn as usual.

d Alembert Principle
Method of Section
For a body in equilibrium - the externally applied forces to
one side of an arbitrary cut must be balanced by the internal
forces developed at the cut
Statically determinate vs. indeterminate
F1 F2
A B

Can you find the reaction forces at A and B ?

F1 F2
Bx

A W By

Rigid body mechanics or statics is sufficient

Statically determinate vs. indeterminate
F1 F2
A B

C W
Can you find the reaction forces at A, B and C?
F1 F2
Bx

A C W By

Not through considerations of rigid body mechanics

alone we need to consider the deformation of the
beam small as it might be.
Force distribution inside a body
The concept of Stress
Imagine a solid in equilibrium with a
hypothetical section S
Can we determine the force
transmitted from A to B through this Body with a mathematical cut
interface.
Given that the small deformation
approximation holds we can find the
resultant but is it unique to this force
distribution?
For this case we need information Free body showing cut surface
about the deformation
Force distribution inside a body
The concept of Stress

Since it is the action of these forces, that causes

deformations; we must have the information about how
forces get distributed within a solid.
In contrast it is also possible that we have some
deformations due to some other factors, for example heat
and these then creates force distribution within a structure.
Stress defines the force distribution in a solid.
 High school definition - Force per unit area
Units
N/m2 - P
N/mm2 - MPa = 1E6
kN/mm2 - GPa = 1E9
Then what is pressure?
Now based on the basic definition
dF = . dA
Since Force F is a vector based on the discussion about
tensors and vectors in last lecture T can either be a Scalar
or Tensor

Stress
 If the force every where within the solid is normal to the
area then the distribution is analogous to pressure
distribution and can be represented by a scalar
In most practical cases however, this is not true and the
force intensities (stress) will have both normal and
tangential components. Hence for a general notation our
force intensity (stress) must be a Tensor.
To keep things simple in the start we will only consider
three components of stress i.e. on a surface element.

Stress
Stress components - Normal and Shear
The problem is then one of finding
force intensity factors (force
distribution over an area) resulting
from a given resultant force and
couple.
Consider the figure, in order to find
force intensity at a point we make use
of the continuum concept which
allows us to consider the area element
A approaching zero size

Force system on area element and

rectangular components of forces
 We first resolve the resultant force
into components
One normal to surface and two
tangential to it , i.e.
Fn , Ft1, Ft2
The normal and shear stress (force
intensities or force per unit area) can
thus be defined using the limiting
process as;
These equations imply that the stress
that we calculate will
1. Vary at each point within the structure
2. Depends on the axis systems with
respect to which the differential area
dA is calculated. Force system on area element and
rectangular components of forces

Stress components - Normal and Shear

 In many practical problems however, we can make two
important simplifying assumptions about the distribution
of stresses
1. The stress distribution is assumed uniform for a section
of interest thus instead of using dA we calculate stresses
over a finite area.
2. We use intuition and experience to align our coordinate
axis for area determination in such a way that stresses
can be readily calculated and are often the most
significant stresses acting on the body.
3. Later (in Mechanics of Materials 2 ) we will define
methods that will allow us to determine the stresses for
any coordinate axis orientation and also allow us to
mathematically establish the most significant of these
stresses.
 1DProblems(DirectStresses)
Examples/Exercise List for Homework and practice
Example 2.1, 2.3, 2.4 Introduction to Solid Mechanics I.H Shames
Exercise Problem 2.1, 2.3, 2.15, 2.17, 2.18, 2.41, 2.45, 2.49, 2.50,
2.52, 2.56
M1.1, M1.2, M1.3, M1.4, M1.5, M1.6, M1.7, M1.8, M1.9, M1.10
from MecMovies website http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/
Example 1.3,1.4,1.6, 1.7, 1.8 Applied Strength of Materials Mott
Exercise Problems 1.41.M, 1.45.M, 1.46.M, 1.47.M, 1.48.M, 1.51.E,
1.52.E, 1.58.M, 1.66.M Applied Strength of Materials Mott

Examples
 MDSolids 3.5 software
http://www.mdsolids.com/

MecMovies
http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html

Introduction to e-learning resources

 5000 N

Stresses in bars
(example problem from mdsolids software)
 Bar 1 Angle 30
Bar 1 Cross-sectional Area 100 mm
Bar 2 Angle 150
Bar 2 Cross-sectional Area 100 mm
Load Angle 270
Load Magnitude 5,000.0 N

Stresses in bars
 Introduction
Since the bars are two-force members, the force carried
by each bar must act along its longitudinal axis. Draw
the free-body diagram for the joint where Bar 1, Bar 2,
and the applied load intersect. All three forces act
through a common point; therefore, only two equilibrium
equations can be written: the sum of forces in the
horizontal direction and the sum of forces in the vertical
direction.

Stresses in bars
 5000N

Free body diagram

 Calculation
The equation for the sum of forces in the horizontal
direction is:

F1 cos(30) + F2 cos(150) + Load cos(270.000) = 0

F1(0.866) + F2(-0.866) + (5,000 N) (0.0) = 0

Stresses in bars
 The equation for the sum of forces in the vertical direction is:

F1 sin(30) + F2 sin(150) + Load sin(270) = 0

F1(0.5) + F2(0.5) + (5,000 N) (-1.0) = 0

Solve these two equilibrium equations simultaneously to

compute F1 and F2.
The force in Bar 1 is 5,000.0 N, and the force in Bar 2 is
5,000.0 N. Both bars act in tension.

Stresses in bars
 To compute the normal stress, divide the bar force by the
cross-sectional area of the bar. For Bar 1, the normal
stress is:

5,000 N 100 mm = 50 MPa

The normal stress in Bar 2 is:

5,000 N 100 mm = 50 MPa

Stresses in bars
 Output
Bar 1 Force Magnitude 5,000 N
Bar 1 Normal Stress 50 MPa
Bar 2 Force Magnitude 5,000 N
Bar 2 Normal Stress 50 Mpa
Isthisit?Pointstoponder!
Would the stress be really uniform and one dimensional
throughout the bars ? (FE Analysis results in next class)
What about the connection points ? Will they also be in
the same type of direct normal stress ?

Stresses in bars
I-35W Bridge Collapse

The entire span of the Interstate 35W bridge

collapsed on August 1 2007 in Minneapolis.
The bridge was loaded with rush-hour traffic
and dropped more than 60 feet into the
Mississippi River.

http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/08/02/us/20070802BRIDGE_index.html
I-35W Bridge Collapse
Possibly a case of Gusset Plate Failure

http://www.taproot.com/wordpress/20
07/10/27/ntsb-still-investigating-
minneapolis-bridge-collapse/

This photo from June 12, 2003, shows a bent gusset plate on the I-35W bridge that
is visible to the eye. Investigators suspect that the bridge's gusset plates played a
role in the collapse. (Photo courtesy of NTSB)
http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/03/25/stcloud_bridge/?refid=0
Read Appendix A-27, Page 744 Review of the fundamentals of Statics
In particular focus on:
1. Determination of normal stresses in axial members under concurrent
force systems
2. Determination of normal stresses in members of a truss using the
method of joints
3. Questions related to this will be given as first assignment which will
be due by Friday morning before class of week 2: Deadline: 26th
February 2014
Details of the questions will be posted online on the Facebook group for
course and also on shared folder on University drive.

Assignment 1