Thermodynamics A Review

Definitions
System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
Surroundings: The mass or region outside
the sys.
Boundary: The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its
surroundings.
Fixed or movable
Zero thickness
Definitions (continued)
Closed System: Consists of a fixed amount of
mass. Also called control mass. Energy can
cross the boundary.

IsolatedSystem: Neither mass nor energy crosses

the boundary.
 Definitions (continued)
Open System: A region of
space within a prescribed
boundary that matter and
energy may cross.
SSSF: Mass & energy
cross the boundary but
dont vary with time.
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Statements of the first law:
i) Energy is conserved in any process
ii) Energy of the universe is constant
For open sys:

E = U + PE + KE
and E + FE = Q - W
For closed sys:

E = Q - W
where
U The internal energy of the system
Q Heat transferred into the system
W Work done by the system
The 1st Law continued
Cycle: A sequence of processes that
begins & ends at the same state.

NOTE: Qcycle = Wcycle

Property Relationships
Perfect gases:
PV = mRT
Imperfect gases:
PV = mZRT
Quality:
h = hf + x.hfg ; s = sf + x.sfg where x=mv/(mv+mL)
Sub-cooled liquid: Liquid at a temperature below
the saturation temperature at the given pressure
Superheated vapor: Results when saturated
vapor is heated at constant pressure
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Puts limitations on the conversion of some forms of
energy to others.
Work can be completely & continuously converted to
heat. Opposite isnt true i.e. heat is not entirely available
to do work.
Processes occur in a certain direction.
Energy has quality as well as quantity.
Energy spontaneously tends to flow only from being
concentrated in one place
to becoming diffused or dispersed and spread out.
Used to determine the theoretical limits for the
performance of commonly used engineering systems.
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Kelvin-Planck statement: It is impossible
to construct a device which will operate in
a cycle & produce no effect other than the
raising of a weight and the exchange of
heat with a single reservoir.
Clausius statement: It is impossible to
construct a device which operates in a
cycle & produces no effect other than the
transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter
body.
Reversibility
A reversible (ideal) process is one which can reverse
itself by following the same path it undertook in the first
place, and thus restore to the system or the surrounding
the same heat & work previously exchanged. BOTH the
system and the surrounding are returned to their initial
states.
Real processes are irreversible.
Sources of irreversibility: friction, heat transfer, throttling
& mixing.
In power systems, irreversibilities are sometimes
classified as external (occur across the boundary of the
system e.g. heat transfer) & internal (occur within the
boundary of the system e.g. fluid friction).
Entropy
Its a measure of irreversibility/disorder.
Reversible adiabatic process = isentropic
process
Greater the irreversibility, greater the
increase in entropy in an adiabatic process
Degree of irreversibility is given by the
ratio of actual work to ideal work (for
turbine) OR ratio of ideal work to actual
work (for compressor).
The Carnot cycle
carnot = 1 TL/TH =
1 QL/QH
Efficiency of an irreversible
heat engine is always less
than the efficiency of a
reversible one operating
between the same two
reservoirs.
Efficiency of all reversible
heat engines operating
between the same two
reservoirs are the same.