Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Week 6
Rizalman Mamat
Obed Majeed Ali
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Course Outcome 3 (CO3)
Students should be able to understand and
evaluate problems in single phase forced
and free convection heat transfer.
Lesson Outcomes from CO3 (Part 1)
Explain the concept of boundary layers and the
fundamental equations involve
Evaluate the boundary layer thickness and heat
transfer coefficient over a flat plate
Explain the concept of developing and
developed flow inside a tubes
(Five more LO in the next slide)
2
PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF CONVECTION
Conduction and convection both
require the presence of a material
medium but convection also
requires fluid motion.
3
Convection strongly depends on fluid properties
dynamic viscosity,
thermal conductivity,
density,
specific heat, and
fluid velocity.
4
No-slip condition: A fluid in direct contact with a solid, sticks to the
surface due to viscous effects, and there is no slip.
Boundary layer: The flow region adjacent to the wall in which the
viscous effects (and thus the velocity gradients) are significant.
The fluid property responsible for the no-slip condition and the
development of the boundary layer is viscosity.
However, the h value is varies along the flow (x-) direction. The average h
value is h value over the entire surface area As or length L as
6
Nusselt Number
In heat transfer at a boundary (surface) within a fluid, Nusselt number
is the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer across (normal to)
the boundary. Dimensionless convection heat transfer coefficient.
The larger the Nusselt number, the more effective the convection.
A Nusselt number of Nu = 1 for a fluid layer represents heat transfer
across the layer by pure conduction.
7
Convection in daily life
We turn on the fan on hot
summer days to help our
body cool more effectively.
The higher the fan speed,
the better we feel.
We stir our soup and blow
on a hot slice of pizza to
make them cool faster.
The air on windy winter
days feels much colder
than it actually is.
The simplest solution to
heating problems in
electronics packaging is to
use a large enough fan.
8
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow
Viscous flows: Flows in which the frictional effects are significant.
Inviscid flow regions: In many flows of practical interest, there are
regions (usually far from solid surfaces) where viscous forces are
negligibly small.
9
Internal versus External Flow
External flow: The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such
as a plate, a wire, or a pipe.
Internal flow: The flow in a pipe or duct if the fluid is completely
bounded by solid surfaces.
13
Steady versus Unsteady Flow
14
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
A flow field is characterized by the velocity distribution.
A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-dimensional if the flow velocity
varies in those directions, respectively.
However, the variation of velocity in certain directions can be small
relative to the variation in other directions and can be ignored.
15
VELOCITY BOUNDARY LAYER
Velocity boundary layer: The region of the flow above the plate bounded
by where the effects of the viscous shearing forces caused by fluid
viscosity are exist.
The boundary layer thickness, , is typically defined as the distance y from
the surface at which u = 0.99V.
16
VELOCITY BOUNDARY LAYER - cont
The hypothetical line of u = 0.99V divides the flow over a plate into two
regions:
Boundary layer region: The viscous effects and the velocity changes
are significant.
Irrotational flow region: The frictional effects are negligible and the
velocity remains essentially constant.
17
Wall Shear Stress
Shear stress: Friction force per unit
area.
The shear stress is proportional to the
velocity gradient, and is expressed as
dynamic viscosity
19
THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER
A thermal boundary layer develops when a fluid at a specified temperature
flows over a surface at a different temperature.
Thermal boundary layer: The flow region over the surface in which the
temperature variation in the direction normal to the surface is significant.
The thickness of the thermal boundary layer t at any location along the
surface is defined as the distance from the surface at which the
temperature difference T Ts equals 0.99(T Ts).
20
Prandtl Number
The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal boundary layers
is described by the dimensionless parameter Prandtl number
viscosity,
cp - specific heat
density,
- thermal diffusivity
- kinematic viscosity,
k - thermal conductivity
Laminar and
turbulent flow
regimes of
candle smoke. 22
Reynolds Number
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the
geometry, surface roughness, flow velocity, surface temperature, and
type of fluid.
The flow regime depends mainly on the ratio of inertial forces to
viscous forces (Reynolds number).
23
Solution of Convection Equations for a Flat
Plate
Consider laminar flow of a fluid over a flat plate, as shown in the
figure.
The continuity, momentum, and energy equations for steady,
incompressible, laminar flow of a fluid with constant properties over
a flat plate are:
Continuity u v
0
x y
Momentum
u u 2u
u v 2
x y y
Energy T T 2T
u v 2
24 x y y
- cont
with boundary conditions
At x = 0 (Leading edge)
u(0,y) = V,
T(0, y) = T
At y = 0
u(x, 0) = 0,
v(x, 0) = 0,
T(x, 0) = Ts
As y
u(x, ) = V,
25 T(x, ) = T
Related equations
4.91 4.91x
V x Re x
V 0.332 V 2
w 0.332V
x Re x
w 1/ 2
C f ,x 0.664 Re
V / 2
2 x
26
Equations energy related
Temperature gradient at the surface
T V
0.332 Pr T Ts
1
3
y y 0
x
Local heat transfer coefficient
T
k
y y 0 1 V
hx 0.332 Pr 3 k
Ts T x
Nusselt number
hx x 1
Nu x 0.332 Pr 3 Re x Pr 0.6
k
Thermal Boundary Layer Thickness
4.91x
t 1 1
27
Pr 3 Pr 3 Re x
Analogies between Momentum and
Heat transfer Reynolds analogy
Re L C f,x
C f ,x Nu x or St x (for Pr=1)
2 2
h Nu
St
where Stanton number x c V Re Pr is dimensionless
p L
heat transfer coefficient.
St, is a dimensionless number that measures the ratio of heat
transferred into a fluid to the thermal capacity of fluid.
It is used to characterize heat transfer in forced convection flows.
28
Analogies between Momentum and
Heat transfer
transfer Reynolds
in forced convection flows. analogy
The friction coefficient and Nusselt number for flat plate
1 1
12
C f,x 0.664 Re x and Nu x 0.332 Pr Re 3 2
x
1 2
Re L C f,x
C f, x Nu x Pr 3
or St Pr 3
2 2
The above are valid for Re < 5 x 105, flat plate and constant temperature
Experimentally it been shown that this relationship is also valid for
turbulent flow over a flat plat at constant temperature and turbulent flow
inside a pipe, but not for laminar flow in pipe.
29
Consider average values for friction coefficient (C f), Nusselt
number (Nu) and Reynolds number (ReL), a general equation for the
Nusselt number can be written as:
Nu C Re Pr m
L
n
Here
m and n are in the range 0 1
30
Ts = 29C
Air
V
T = 10C
31
Analysis The convection heat transfer coefficients and the rate of heat
losses at different wind velocities are
(a) h 14.8V 0.53 14.8(0.5 m/s) 0.69 9.174 W/m 2 .C
Q hAs (Ts T ) (9.174 W/m 2 .C)(1.7 m 2 )(29 10)C 296.3 W
(b)
34
k 0.02439 W/m.C, 1.426 10 m /s
-5 2
Analysis
(a) The Reynolds number, the heat transfer coefficient, and the
initial rate of heat transfer from an orange are
V D (0.5 m/s)(0.07 m)
Re
2454
5 2
1.426 10 m /s
5.05k air Re 1 / 3 5.05(0.02439 W/m.C)(2454)1 / 3
h 23.73 W/m 2 .C
D 0.07 m
35
(b) The temperature gradient at the orange surface is
T
q conv q cond k h(Ts T )
r r R
36
37
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The edge
effects are negligible.
Properties The properties of air at 20C and 1 atm are (Table A-15)
Air
= 1.204 kg/m3, Cp =1.007 kJ/kg-K, Pr = 0.7309 20C
2
Analysis As 2WL 2( 4 m)(4 m) 32 m 10 m/s
V 2
F f C f As L=4 m
2
Ff 2.4
C f 0.006229
As V 2 / 2 (1.204)(32)(10) 2 / 2
C f V C p 0.006229 (1.204)(10)(1007)
h 46.54 W/m 2
C
2 Pr 2/3 2 (0.7309) 2/3
39
Solution
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The edge effects are
negligible.
Q 0C
h The average heat transfer coefficient is
Analysis
As (Ts T ) 80 km/h
Windshield
50 W
11.57 W/m 2 C Ts=4C 0.6 m
(0.6 1.8 m )(4 0)C
2
V 2 (1.292)(80 / 3.6 ) 2
F f C f As 0.0006534(0.6 1.8) 0.225 N
40 2 2
Some important results from convection equations
Reynolds
analogy