TRG-TRC007-En Fundamentals of HVAC Acoustics

Fundamentals of HVAC Acoustics
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic
American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

period one
Fundamentals of Sound

What is Sound?
Audible emissions resulting from vibration of
molecules within an elastic medium
Generated by vibrating surface or movement
of a fluid
In buildings, it may be airborne or structure-
borne
Noise is unwanted sound

Sound Wave and Frequency
one cycle
+ cycles
frequency, Hz =
seconds
amplitude
American Standard Inc. 2001 time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

Wavelength
one cycle
speed of sound
wavelength =
frequency
Broadband Sound
amplitude
American Standard Inc. 2001 time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

Broadband Sound and Tones
tone
amplitude
logarithmic scale
frequency
Octave Bands
octave center frequency
band frequency (Hz) range (Hz)
1 63 45 to 90
2 125 90 to 180
3 250 180 to 355
4 500 355 to 710
5 1,000 710 to 1,400
6 2,000 1,400 to 2,800
7 4,000 2,800 to 5,600
8 8,000 5,600 to 11,200
Octave Bands
logarithmic
sums
amplitude
63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000

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frequency, Hz Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN
One-Third Octave Bands
amplitude
63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000

Sound Power and Sound Pressure
Sound power
Acoustical energy emitted by the sound source
Unaffected by the environment
Sound pressure
Pressure disturbance in the atmosphere
Affected by strength of source, surroundings, and
distance between source and receiver

An Analogy
Sound power
Correlates to bulb wattage
Sound pressure
Correlates to brightness

Decibel
measured value
dB = 10 log10
reference value

Logarithmic Scale
ratio log10 10 log10
1 0 0
10 1 10
100 2 20
1,000 3 30
10,000 4 40
100,000 5 50
1,000,000 6 60
10,000,000 7 70
100,000,000 8 80
1,000,000,000 9 90
Equation for Sound Power
sound power, W
Lw = 10 log10
10-12 W

Equation for Sound Pressure
sound pressure, Pa
Lp = 20 log10
20 Pa

Logarithmic Addition of Decibels
5
add to the higher dB value
4
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15
dB difference between values being added
50 dB + 44 dB = 51 dB
period two
Sound Perception and Rating
Methods

The Human Ear
middle
ear
outer
ear
nerves
to brain
auditory
canal
eardrum
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN
Loudness Contours
120
sound pressure, dB ref 20 Pa
100
80
60
40
20
0
20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000
Response to Tones

Single-Number Rating Methods
A-, B-, and C-weighting
Noise criteria (NC) curves
Room criteria (RC) curves
Sones
Phons

ABC Weighting
0
C
relative response, dB
-10
B
-20 frequency responses for sound
meter weighting characteristics
-30
A
-40
20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000

frequency, Hz
AWeighting Example
octave center actual sound A-weighting A-weighted
band frequency (Hz) pressure (dB) factor (dB) sound pressure (dB)
1 63 63 26 37
2 125 52 16 36
3 250 45 9 36
4 500 38 3 35
5 1,000 31 +0 31
6 2,000 24 +1 25
7 4,000 16 +1 17
8 8,000 10 +0 10
42 dBA
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN
AWeighting
Used for outdoor sound
ordinances and indoor,
hearing-related safety
standards (OSHA)
Use with sound pressure
data only, not sound power
Express as a single number
descriptor only, not as
octave-band data

Noise Criteria (NC) Curves
80
70
NC-65
60
NC-60
NC-55
50
NC-50
NC-45
40
NC-40
NC-35
30
NC-30
NC-25
20
NC-20
approximate threshold for
hearing continuous noise 10
NC-15
63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000
American Standard Inc. 2001 octave-band frequency, Hz Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN
Noise Criteria (NC) Curves
80
70
NC-39 NC-65
60
NC-60
NC-55
50
NC-50
NC-45
40
NC-40
NC-35
30
NC-30
NC-25
20
NC-20
NC-15
10
63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000
Room Criteria (RC) Curves
80
A
sound pressure, dB ref 20 Pa 70 B
60
50
40
RC-50
RC-45
30
RC-40
RC-35
20
RC-30
approximate threshold for
RC-25
hearing continuous noise 10
31.5 63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000
80
A
60
50 D
40
RC-50
E RC-45
30
C RC-40
RC-35
20
RC-30
RC-25
10
31.5 63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000
80
A
60
50 D
RC-31 (R)
40
RC-50
E RC-45
30
C RC-40
RC-35
20
RC-30
RC-25
10
31.5 63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000
Phon and Sone
loudness level (phons)
120 120
110
100 100
90
80 80
70
60 60
50
40 40
30
20 20
0 10
20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000

Octave-Band Rating Method
equipment sound pressure
octave center sound power in the space
band frequency (Hz) (dB ref 10-12 W) (dB ref 20 Pa)
1 63 103 63
2 125 104 52
3 250 100 45
4 500 101 38
5 1,000 98 31
6 2,000 93 24
7 4,000 88 16
8 8,000 85 10
period three
Acoustical Analysis

Setting a Design Goal
room type RC(N) criteria
hotels/motels
guest rooms 25 to 35
banquet rooms 25 to 35
libraries 30 to 40
office buildings
open plan offices 30 to 40
public lobbies 40 to 45
performing arts
theaters 25 max
practice rooms 35 max
schools
small classrooms 40 max
American Standard Inc. 2001 large classrooms 35 max Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN
Setting a Design Goal

Acoustical Analysis
VAV box
ductwork
diffuser
air handler occupied space

(source) (receiver)

SourcePathReceiver Model
source
path
receiver

Typical Sound Paths
Airborne
Sound that travels through supply ductwork, return
ductwork, or an open plenum
Can travel with or against the direction of airflow
Breakout
Sound that breaks out through the walls of the supply
or return ductwork
Transmission
Sound that travels through walls, floors, or ceilings

Examples of a Single Sound Path
fan-coil
air-cooled chiller

Example of Multiple Sound Paths
source
return 3 1 supply
airborne 2 airborne
supply
4 breakout
wall transmission

Identifying Sound Sources and Paths
One piece of equipment
may contain several
sound sources
Sound may travel from
source to receiver along
multiple paths
Total sound heard by the packaged rooftop
receiver is the sum of all air conditioner
sounds from all sources
and all paths

Modeling Sound Paths
elbow straight duct
source
diffuser
receiver

Example of Multiple Sound Paths
80
70
supply
60
airborne
50
40
total
30
supply return wall

20
breakout airborne transmission
10
63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000
Algorithms for Sound-Path Modeling

Computerized Analysis Tools

Attenuation and Regeneration
heat pump
return (source)
duct supply
duct
return-air
grille
diffuser
Sound Transmission
absorbed
Wi Wa sound energy
incident
sound energy Wt
transmitted
sound energy
Wr
reflected
sound energy
Sound Transmission
Insertion loss (IL)
Noise reduction (NR)
Transmission loss (TL)

Absorption
absorbed
sound energy
incident Wi
sound energy Wa
Wr
reflected Wt
sound energy transmitted
sound energy

Reflected Sound

Receiver Sound Correction

period four
Equipment Sound Rating

Free Field
source

Distance Correction in a Free Field
r2
Lp2 = Lp1 20 log10
r1

Distance Correction in a Free Field
Lp1 = 95 dB Lp2 = 83 dB
air-cooled chiller
r1 = 30 ft lot
(9.1 m)
r2 = 120 ft line
(36.6 m)
Near Field
near
field
source

Reverberant Field
source
reflective
walls

Semireverberant Field
semireverberant near
field field
source
wall

Rating HVAC Equipment

Reverberant-Room Method

Free-Field Method

Industry Standards

Ducted Air-Handling Equipment
supply-air outlet
return-air
coil inlet
supply fan outdoor-air

intake
Air Handler Test Configurations
ducted ducted
discharge inlet
unducted inlet
casing plus casing
radiated radiated
Former Methods of Sound Testing
ASHRAE generic fan
algorithm
Measured fan-sound
data plus prediction
equations
AMCA Standard 300

ARI Standard 260
Uses reverberant-
room method
Tests entire air
handler, not just fan
All common
configurations and
components included
Includes effects of
secondary sound
sources
Sound Power by Octave Band
equipment
octave center sound power
band frequency (Hz) (dB ref 10-12 W)
1 63 103
2 125 104
3 250 100
4 500 101
5 1,000 98
6 2,000 93
7 4,000 88
8 8,000 85
period five
Review

ReviewPeriod One
Sound power
Acoustical energy emitted by source
Unaffected by the environment
Correlates to bulb wattage
Sound pressure
Pressure disturbance in atmosphere
Affected by strength of source,
surroundings, and distance from source
Correlates to brightness in a particular
location
ReviewPeriod Two
80
A-weighting RC

70
Outdoor environments chart
and hearing protection 60
Noise criteria (NC) 50
Indoor environments 40 50
45
Room criteria (RC) 30 40
35
Indoor environments 20
30
Also describes sound 10

25
character 31.5 63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000
octave-band frequency, Hz
Octave-band data
ReviewPeriod Three
source
return 3 1 supply
airborne 2 airborne
supply
4 breakout
wall transmission

ReviewPeriod Four

TRG-TRC007-En Fundamentals of HVAC Acoustics

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Fundamentals of HVAC Acoustics

A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000

63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

air handler occupied space

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

supply return wall

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

supply fan outdoor-air

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

sound pressure, dB ref 20 Pa

Noise criteria (NC) 50

Also describes sound 10

character 31.5 63 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC007-EN

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