Plant Physiology

Today is the day!!

Objective 3.01
Discuss biological terms used to describe plants
Biology
The branch of science that deals
with both plant and animal
organisms and life processes.
Zoology: the part of biology that deals with
animals
Botany: the part of biology that deals with
plants
Applied Plant Sciences

Applied plant sciences are based on

the purposes for which the plant is
grown.
Agronomy
Forestry
Horticulture
Agronomy
The science and practice
of growing field crops
such as cotton, wheat,
tobacco, corn and
soybeans.
Forestry
The science and practice
of growing, managing,
and harvesting trees for
building materials and
other products.
Horticulture
The science and practice
of growing, processing,
and marketing fruits,
vegetables, and
ornamental plants.
Life cycle of the plant

Annual
Completes its life
cycle in ONE year.
Life cycle of the plant

Biennial
Completes its life cycle in TWO years.
Itusually grows vegetation the first year
and flowers the second year.
Life cycle of the plant

Perennial
Lives more than two
years. Some will grow and
bloom in the first year.
Leaf Retention

Deciduous Evergreen
Moisture in plants

Wilted Turgid
Plant Growth

Dormant: a stage when a

plant rests or grows very little.
Usually a response to
adverse conditions such as
extreme heat or cold.
Season Crop Types

Cool season Warm Season

Thrive is warm temperatures
LOVE cool temperature
Grow best in the SUMMER
Grow best in SPRING or FALL

pansy zinnia
Leaves
(objective 3.02)
Leaves
External parts
Petiole: the leaf stalk that connects
the leaf to the stem
Leaves
Additional Info
Sessile: Leaves without a petiole
Leaves
External parts
Blade: large, flat part of the leaf
Leaves
External parts
Margin: edge of the leaf
Leaves
External parts
Apex: the leaf tip
Leaves
External parts
Midrib: the large center vein
Leaves
External parts
Veins: structural framework of the leaf
Leaves
External parts
Nowlets practice.
Please draw and label the leaf parts you just learned about

Petiole
Blade
Margin
Apex
Midrib
Veins
Leaves
Internal structure
Upper and lower epidermis: skin of
the leaf that prevents the loss of
moisture
Leaves
Internal structure
Stomata: the small openings under the leaf for
breathing or transpiration

Guard Cells: surrounds the stomata and

regulates the opening and closing of the stomates
Leaves
Internal structure
Chloroplasts:
Small green particles that contain chlorophyll
Makes leaves green
Necessary for photosynthesis
Leaves
Internal structure
Now, lets practice
Please diagram the internal structure of a leaf.
Leaves
Functions of the leaf
Photosynthesis: the process by which plants capture
sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water
into food
Leaves
Functions of the leaf
Respiration: converts sugars and starches into energy
Transpirations: release of water vapor from the leaves of
plants. It also cools the plant.
Leaves
Additional Info
Bracts: type of modified leaf

poinsettia
Leaves
Additional Info
Needles: also a modified leaf

pine tree
Leaves
Additional Info
Glabrous Pubescent

Leaves or stems are smooth Leaves or stems are hairy

Southern magnolia African violet

Stems
External parts

Lenticels:breathing pores found on stems

and branches
Stems
External parts

Terminal bud
A bud on the end of the stem
Stems
External parts

Bud scale scars

indicate where terminal
buds have been located
Stems
External parts

Axillary bud
Bud located at the
axil of the leaf
Stems
External parts

Lateral buds
Buds on the side of the stem
Stems
External parts

Leaf scars
Indicate where leaves
were attached
Stems
Internal parts

H2O and nutrients

to the leaves
Xylem
Tissue that transports
water and nutrients up
from the roots to the
stems and leaves
Stems
Internal parts

Phloem

Food to the roots

Tissue that transports
food down from leaves
to the roots
Stems
Internal parts

Cambium
Thingreen, actively growing tissue located
between the bark and wood and produces all
new stem cells
Stems
Internal parts

Bark
OLD inactive phloem
Stems
Internal parts

Heartwood
OLD inactive xylem
Stems
Internal parts

Sapwood
NEW active xylem
Cross section of a tree
Stems
Cotyledons

Monocots
Plant stems that have vascular bundles
Each bundle has BOTH xylem and phloem
Produce ONE seed leaf
Examples: grasses and corn
Stems
Cotyledons

Dicots
Plant stems that have a phloem layer
AND a xylem layer separated by cambium
Produce TWO seed leaves
Examples: trees and many vegetable
plants
Stems
Functions

Translocation: movement of water and minerals

through the plant
PHLOEM moves food down from the leaves to
the roots
XYLEM moves water and nutrients up from the
roots to the leaves
Supports the branches of the plant
Roots
External Parts

Root Cap
Located at the tip of the root
Where new cells are produced
Roots
External Parts

Root hairs
Absorbs water and minerals
Please draw the root tip
Roots
Internal parts

Phloem Xylem
Inner layer
Carries water and minerals up to
Outer layer
the stem
Carries food down the
root
Roots
Two types

Fibrous
Many branched
shallow roots
Easy to transplant
Tap
Long roots with few branched ones
More difficult to transplant
Flowers
External Parts

Receptacle:
enlarged tip of a
stem on which a
flower is born
Flowers
External parts

Sepals
Green parts of the flower that
cover and protect the flower
bud before it opens (Calyx)
Petals

They are really leaves that are

modified to attract insects for
flower pollination (Corolla)
Flowers
Add-ons

Complete Incomplete
Have only male OR female part

Have both male and female parts

Flowers
Internal parts

Stamens: The MALE flower

part
Anther: sac-like structure
that contains pollen and the
male sex cells
Filament: short stalk that
hold up the anther
Flowers
Internal parts

Pistil: The FEMALE part of the flower

Stigma: sticky part on top of the style where
insects leave pollen
Style: holds up the stigma and connects it to
the ovary
Ovary: when fertilized, becomes the fruit
Ovules: eggs or female sex cells that become
seeds if fertilized
Flowers
Internal parts
Flowers
Functions

Attracts insects for pollination

Produces seeds for sexual reproduction
Produces fruits to nourish and protect
the seed
Flowers
Add-ons

Fertilization: when pollen travels down the

style, joining sperm and the ovule

Pollination: transfer of pollen from the anther to

the stigma
Cross-pollination: transfer of pollen from the stamen
to the stigma of one flower to another plant
Self pollination: transfer of the pollen to the stigma
of a flower on the same plant
Flowers
Add-ons

Function of the FRUIT

Protect the fruit
Help with seed dispersal