Cell Division: Mitosis & Meiosis

Cell Division

Cell division is the means of reproduction and by this

process two or more new individuals arise from mother
cell.
Three types of cell division
Amitosis (Binary fission)
Mitosis
Meiosis
 Binary Fission
Most cells reproduce through some sort of Cell
Division
Prokaryotic cells divide through a simple form of
division called Binary Fission
3 step process
Single naked strand splits and forms a duplicate
of itself.
The two copies move to opposite sides of the cell
Cell pinches into two new and identical cells
called "daughter
" cells". (Cell wall then forms if
applicable)
Eukaryotic Chromosome
Mitotic Spindle
 Cell Cycle
Occurs between one cell
division & next.
Three main stages
interphase, mitosis &
cytokinesis.
Interphase encompasses
G1, S & G2 phases is the
period of synthesis & growth.
Mitosis contains prophase,
metaphase, anaphase &
telophase.
Cytokinesis division of
cytoplasm.
 Interphase
Encompass stages G1, S &
G2
G1 growth stage
S synthesis stage
G2 time between DNA
Synthesis & Mitosis
Each chromosome exists as
a pair of chromatids joined
together by a centromere.
 Mitosis Cell Division
Mitosis: Two daughter cells form, contain same
Number of chromosomes as mother cell
Contains four phases:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
 Prophase

Nuclear membrane disintegrates

Nuclelous disappears
Chromosomes condense
Chromatids joined at centromere
Centrioles begin migration to
poles
Mitotic spindle begins to form
between centrioles
Kinetochores begin to mature
and attach to spindle
 Metaphase

Kinetochores attach
chromosomes to mitotic spindle
Chromosomes are align along
the metaphase plate
Spindle fibers are now clearly
visible
 Anaphase

Kinetochore microtubles shorten

Resulting in separation of chromosomes
to opposite poles
Polar microtubles elongate, preparing
cell for cytokinesis
 Telophase

Nuclear envelope forms around

both sets of chromosomes
DNA uncoils
Spindle & Astral fibers completely
disappear
Cytokinesis happens with most
(but not all) cells
Cytoplasm & organelles move
(mostly equally) to either side of
the cell. Cell Membrane
pinches to form 2 separate
cells
 Animal Cytokeneisis

Cytokenesis differs significantly

between Animal & Plant cells.

With animals, the membranes

pinch together to form a
cleavage furrow, which
eventually fuses to form two
daughter cells
 Plant Cytokinesis
With Plants, a cell wall must be formed
between the 2 daughter cells.
Vesicles containing Cellulose form and fuse
between the two daughter cells, eventually
forming a complete cell wall.
 Significance of Mitosis
Genetic stability
Growth
Cell replacement
Regeneration
Asexual reproduction
 Meiosis Cell Division
Meiosis: Reduces two sets of chromosomes to one set in
daughter cell.

Meiosis is a two-part cell division process

Meiosis I Reduction
Meiosis II Division
Results in 4 cells with 1/2 the normal genetic information
 Meiosis I
Consist of four stages
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
 Prophase I
Homologous chromosomes further condense and pair
Crossing-over occurs
Spindle fibers form between centrioles
Spindle fibers move towards opposite poles
 Crossing Over
Segments of homologous chromosomes break and
reform at similar locations.
 Metaphase I
Microtuble spindle attaches to chromosomes
Homologus pairs align align equator
 Anaphase I
Homologus pairs of chromosomes separate
Pairs move to opposite poles
 Telophase I
One set of paired chromosomes arrives at each pole
Nuclear division begins
Nuclear membrane re-forms
 Meiosis II
Consist of four stages
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
 Prophase II
Chromosomes recondense
Spindle fibers form between centrioles
Spindle fibers move towards opposite poles
 Metaphase II
Microtuble spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes
Chromosomes align along spindle
 Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate
Chromatids move to opposite poles
 Telophase II
Chromatids arrive at
each pole
Cell division begins
 Significance Of Meiosis
Sexual reproduction
Genetic variation
 Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Occurs in somatic cells
One single division of the mother cell.
Chromosome number remains same
A mitotic mother cell can be either
diploid
Two diploid daughter cells
Genetically identical
Crossing over does not occur
No kiasma forms in this cell division.
Nucleus and chromosome both are
divided once.
Usually simple
Meiosis
Occurs in reproductive cells.
Two divisions of the mother cell.
Chromosome number become halves
A meiotic mother cell is always haploid
Four haploid daughter cells
Genetically different
Occurs crossing over
Occurrence of kiasma usually takes
place.
Nucleus is divided for two times but the
chromosome is divided for once
Usually complex
Comparison of Mitosis & Meiosis
 Thank You!

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