dr. Susianti, M.

Sc
 Digestive system consist of:
Digestive tract
Its associated glands

The function :
obtain from ingested food the molecules
necessary for maintenance, growth, and
energy needs of the body
 GENERAL FEATURES

A. Components
Oral cavity Small intestine
Oral pharynx Large intestine
Esophagus Rectum
Stomach Anal canal
B. General Sructural
Features
4 Concentric layers:
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis eksterna
Serosa / adventitia
Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract
 Schematic structure of a portion of the digestive
tract with various components and their functions.
C. General Functional
Features
Digestion Innervation
Absorption Blood supply
Excretion Protection
Endocrine
 ORAL CAVITY
A. Wall Structure
Mucosa:
Lining epithelium: Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epthelium
Lamina propria: Vascular connective tissue, has no
muscular
Submucosa: fibrous connective tissue, small
salivary glands
Skeletal muscle
Bone
B. Lips
Transition: Nonkeratinized mucous
membrane keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium of the skin
 Lip
Lip (Longitudinal
(Longitudinal Section)
Section)

6. Border of the
1. Epithelium of the lip, transiton
labial mucosa 7. zone
Neurovascular
bundle
2. Lamina propria 8. Orbicularis
of labial oris muscle
mucosa 9. Epidermis

3. Superficial artery 10. Dermis

11. Sebaceous
gland
4. Labial mucous 12. Hair follicles
glands of the
mucosa : alveoli 13. Erector muscle
and duct (arrector pilli
5. Vein muscle)

14. Sweat gland : duct

and secreting
portions
15. Erector muscle
(arrector pili muscle)
C. Tongue
Mass of skeletal muscle covered by mucosa
Little or no submucosa
Muscle is arranged in bundles of muscle fibers,
separated by connective tissue and cross each
other in 3 planes
Mucosa:
Ventral: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Dorsal: partly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Anterior two-thirds of the dorsal: V-shaped
groove
 4. Fungiform
1. Mucosa :
epithelium papilla :
epithelium
Tongue
Tongue :: Apex
Apex
and lamina 2. Muscle
3. Muscle and
propria lamina
propria 5. Muscle
6. Filiform papillae

7. Fungiform papillae

18. Mucosa :
epithelium and
17. Nerve lamina propria
16. Arterioles
12. Interlobular 15. Venule
8. Nerves 10. Venule ducts 14. Excretory duct
9. Arteriole 13. Mucous alveoli
11. Serous alveoli
 Tongue
Tongue

1. Mucosal ridges 6. Epithelium and

lamina propria of
mucosal fold

2. Diffuse lymphatic
tissue
7. Excretory duct
3. Adipose cells
8. Arteriole and
venule

4. Mucous alveoli 9. Nerve (l.s)

(posterior lingual
glands)

5. Skeletal muscle 10. Skeletal muscle

(o.s) (l.s)
 The anterior two-thirds of the dorsal surface
has many papillae
4 types of papillae:
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Folliate papillae
Circumvallate papillae
Surface
Surface ofof tongue
tongue onon the
the region
region close
close to
to its
its VV shaped
shaped boundary
boundary
between
between thethe anterior
anterior and
and posterior
posterior portions.
portions. Observe
Observe thethe lymphoid
lymphoid
nodules,
nodules, lingual
lingual tonsils,
tonsils, glands
glands and
and papillae.
papillae.
 TEETH AND ASSOCIATED
STRUCTURES

A. Tooth shape
Incisors
Canines (cuspids)
Premolars (bicuspids)
Molar (tricuspids)
 B. Permanent and
Deciduous
Human adults: HaveTeeth
32 permanent teeth
(8 teeth each quadrant)
Dental formula: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2
premolars, 3 molars
Deciduous (baby) teeth: 20 teeth (no molars)
C. Tooth Structure
Crown (corona) Enamel
Root (radix) Mineral salts: 95%
Neck (cervix)
Amelogenins & enamelins
Enamel rods:interrod
Pulp Cavity
enamel
Dentin Ameloblasts: Tomes
Hydroxyapatite process
Odontoblasts: Tomes Matrix
fibers Cementum
Predentin
Matrix
 Enamel

Crown

Dentin
Cuticle
Neck
Pulp
Alveolar bone
Odontoblasts Periodontal ligament

Root Gingiva

Root canal
Cementum
Apical foramen

Diagram
Diagram of of aa sagittal
sagittal section
section from
from an
an incisor
incisor
tooth
tooth in
in position
position in
in the
the mandibular
mandibular bone
bone
D. Associated Structures
Periodontal ligament
Alveolar bone
Gingiva (gums)
 PHARYNX
Superior: Respiratory pharynx
Inferior: Oral pharynx (oropharynx)
Lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Contain the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils
Many small subepithelial mucous glands
Skeletal muscle: as circular pharyngeal
constrictors and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
 ESOPHAGUS
Long, narrow, muscular tubes
Mucosa: Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Lamina propria: interdigitate with basal of
epithelium and muscularis mucosae.
Submucosa: Esophageal glands
Muscularis externa: skeletal and smooth muscle
Outer surface: adventitia and serosa
Oesophagus
 Upper
Upper Esophagus
Esophagus (Transverse
(Transverse Section)
Section)

1. Stratified squamous
epithelium
2. Lamina propria 9. Lymphatic nodule
3. Muscularis mucosae
(smooth muscle) 10. Duct passing through
muscularis mucosae
11. Mucos alveoli
4. Submucosa (esophageal glands)
12. Ducts
13. Arteriole and venule
5. Circular muscle 14. Adipose cells
layer (skeletal)
6. Connective tissue
between muscle layers
15. Venule
7. Longitudinal muscle
layer (skeletal)

16. Adipose tissue

8. Adventitia
17. Artery
18. Vein
19. Nerves
Gastro Oesophageal Junction
 STOMACH
A. General Structure
Complex mucosa: Gastric
glands, 2-3 layers muscularis
mucosae, intervening lamina
propria
Mucosa and submucosa:
rugae flatten
Muscularis externa: outer
longitudinal, middle circular,
inner oblique
4 major regions: cardia,
fundus, body, pylorus
Body of the Stomach
B. Gastric Mucosa
Lining of simple collumnar epithelum is
perforated by foveola gastricae
Gastric pits Ducts for the gastric glands
Glands:isthmus,straight neck, coiled base
Gastric Body Mucosa
Gastric pits
Mucus secreting cells

Parietal cells

Neck mucous cells Chief cells

The epithelial cell types of
mucosa:
Surface mucous cells Chief (zymogenic
Undifferentiated cells cells)
Secrete pepsinogen and
Mucous neck cells lipase
Parietal (oxyntic) cells Enteroendocrine cells
Produced HCl
Intrinsic
factorAbsorption Vit
B12
Body of the Stomach : Structure of Glands
C. Regional Differences
Cardia
Narrow collarlike region
Lamina propria: simple or
branched tubular cardiac
glands
Fundus and body
Body: largest region
Fundus: roughly
hemispheric region
Fundic glands: parietal and
chief cells
Serotonin secreting cells
Pylorus
Pyloric glands: deep pits
and short glands
Mucous secreting cells are
predominate
Parietal cell are rare
Gastrin secreting cells
Pyloric sphincter
 Esophagus
Pit Pit
Junction of gland Cardia
and base of pit
Lamina propria
Glands
Muscularis mucosae
Cardia
Duodenum
Pyloric
sphincter Pit

Neck

Neck
Gland
Gland
Lamina propria Base
Lymph
nodule Muscularis
mucosae
Pylorus Submucosa Body
 Cardia
Cardia (Longitudinal
(Longitudinal Section)
Section)

10. Stratified squamous

epithelium of esophagus
1. Capillary 11. Esophageal glands
12. Esophageal cardiac glands
13. Ducts of esophageal glands

14. Lamina propria of esophagu

2. Capillary
15. Duct of esophageal glands
16. Lamina propria of stomach
17. Cardiac glands
3. Venules
4. Arteriole
5. Venule with hemolyzed blood 18. Gastric epithelium
(mucous columnar)
6. Muscularis external :
inner layer (smooth 19. Foveolae (gastric pits)
muscle)
7. Submucosa
8. Muscularis mucosae : 20. Gastric glands
inner circular and outer
longitudinal layers 21. Chief cells
9. Artery with erythrocytes 22. Mucous neck cells
 Stomach
Stomach :: Fundus
Fundus or
or Body
Body

1. Surface epithelium (mucous

secreting columnar)
2. Basement membrane

3. Lamina propria
8. Foveola

4. Foveolae (gastric
pits) 9. Gastric gland
opening into foveola
5. Gastric glands, 10. Gastric gland
neck region (neck)
6. Mucous neck
cells
11. Lamina propria
7. Parietal cells

12. Gastric gland,

transverse section

13. Chief cells

 SMALL INTESTINE
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A. General Structure
Have the same layers as do the rest of the
tract, except duodenum: Distinctive
submucosal (Brunners) glands
Plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring)
B. Mucosa of the Small
Intestine
Villi Goblet cells
Intestinal glands (crypts of M cells
Lieberkuhn) Paneths cells
Enterocytes (absorptive Enteroendocrine cells
cells) Undifferentiated cells
Digestion
Absorption
Lipid processing and
chylomicron assembly
Transport of smaller
nutrients
 A

Muscularis Lamina Glands (crypts)

mucosae propria
C
B Cells sloughing off
Smooth muscle
Goblet cells
Lymphatic capillary
Smooth muscle
Striated border
Enteroendocrine cells Capillary
Mitosis Smooth muscle
Goblet cells
Lymphocytes
Paneth cells Lymphocytes
C. Regional Differences
DUODENUM: C-shaped first part of the small
intestine, presence of the duodenal (Brunners)
glands in the submucosa
JEJUNUM:Has long leaflike villi, many plicae
circulares, intermediate number of goblet cells
ILEUM: Has fewer villi, relatively abundant goblet
cells, lamina propria: many lymphoid nodule
clusters
 Small
Small Intestine
Intestine :: Duodenum
Duodenum
(Longitudinal
(Longitudinal Section)
Section)
13. Villi with core of
lamina propria and
1. Lining epithelium : muscle fibers
columnar cells with
striated borders
and goblet cells
2. Intervillous space 14. Lamina propria
proper
3. Intestinal villus

4. Muscle fibers in a 15. Muscularis mucosae

villus 16. Duodenal glands
5. Intestinal glands extending into the
opening into mucosa
intervillous spaces
6. Intestinal glands 17. Submucosa with
7. Intestinal glands duodenal glands

8. Duodenal glands
18. Muscularis
external : inner
9. Displaced fibers of circular and outer
the muscularis longitudinal layers
mucosae
10. Arteriole 19. Serosa (visceral
11. Venule peritoneum)
12. Parasympathetic
ganglion of the
myenteric plexus
 Small
Small Intestine
Intestine :: Jejunum
Jejunum -- Ileum
Ileum
11. Surface epithelium : striated
ordered and goblet cells
12. Villus (t.s)

13. Villus (o.s)

1. Villi (l.s) 14. Contracted villus

2. Intervillous
spaces
3. Intestinal glands 15. Smooth muscle
(crypts of fibers in villi
Lieberkuhn)
4. Epithelium 16. Villi (t.s)
5. Lamina propria
6. Muscularis mucosae 17. Intestinal glands
(t.s)
7. Submucosa

8. Circular muscle 18. Parasympathetic

layer ganglia of the
myentric plexus
9. Longitudinal
muscle layer
10. Serosa
19. Adipose tissue 21. Lymphatic nodule
20. Neurovascular bundle
 LARGE INTESTINE (COLON)
A. Mucosa
Colons lining has no folds, except in
rectumrectal column (of Morgagni)
No villi
Epithelium is simple columnar with a great
abundance of goblet cells
Many deep crypts of Lieberkuhn
B. Submucosa
Hemorrhoidal plexus of veins

C. Muscularis Externa
3 thick longitudinal bands: Teniae coli

D. Adventitia and Serosa

Many teardrop-shaped adipose-filled
outpocketings: Appendices epiploicae
 Large
Large Intestine
Intestine Colon
Colon (Wall,
(Wall, Transverse
Transverse Section)
Section)
24. Serosa 25. Muscularis external 27. Mucosa
26. Submucosa 14. Surface epithelium :
1. Seresa (visceral columnar with striated
peritoneum) borders
2. Parasympathetic ganglia of 15. Glandular epithelium :
the myenteric plexus goblet cells
3. Arterioles 16. Intestinal glands
17. Lymphatic nodule
4. Venules 18. Germinal center
5. Muscularis external :
inner circular layer 19. Lamina propria
6. Muscularis external :
outer longitudinal layer
7. Capillaries
20. Intestinal glands (l.s)
8. Arteries and vein

21. Intestinal glands (t.s)

9. Submucosa
22. Goblet cells
10. Muscularis mucosae
11. Parasympathetic ganglion
12. Arteriole 23. Lymphatic nodule
13. Nerves
 APPENDIX
Narrow finger
evagination of the
inferior cecum
Has smaller lumen,
fewer and shorter
crypts, many lymphoid
nodules and no teniae
coli
 ANAL CANAL
4 cm long
First 2 cm: typically colonic epithelium with
very short crypts
Which continous to the anal opening:
replaced by stratified squamous epithelium
Sebaceous glands, large circumanal
apocrine sweat glands
Involuntary and voluntary anal spinchter