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Chapter 2
Mendels Laws of Heredity

Instructor: Anne Simon

Syllabus / Outline

Take 5-10 mins. to read it

With your group, be ready to answer 10

questions related to the syllabus.

The 1st group to answer all the questions will

get chocolates!
Syllabus Questions

1. What is the text book?

2. When is the mid-term?
3. What if I miss a tutorial quiz?
4. What if I miss a lecture?
5. What if I miss an exam?
6. What can I do if I did not understand something?
7. How do I know what to read?
8. How will I be graded?
9. Where are the tutorials?
10. What will I learn?
At the end of the course, you will:

Have familiarized yourself with the field of

behavioural genetics;

Appreciated its central goal, its historical

epistemology,

Developed opinions on its future potential

and social limits.
At the end of the session, you will:

Have reviewed the principles of Mendelian

inheritance
Key Concepts

1. Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of

chromosomes

2. Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance

3. Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are

located near each other on the same chromosome

4. Alteration of chromosome number of structure cause some

genetic disorders

5. Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian

inheritance
 Mendel
Johann Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
His genetics experiments with pea plants
took him eight years (1856-1863).
He published his results in 1865, and his
laws of genetic inheritance earned him
his place in history as the Father of
Genetics.

Luck or perseverance?
Mendel started with 34 pea plant varieties before deciding on the
seven traits.
Traits that were inherited through single genes
Plant that could self-fertilize
Heredity factors were genes

Phenoty Genotype
pe

Recessive and BOX2.1GregorMendelsLuck

dominant traits Plomin,DeFries,Knopik,Neiderhiser:BehavioralGenetics,6e

Copyright2013byWorthPublishers
Inheritance of a dominant trait:
Huntington disease
Inheritance of a recessive trait: PKU
That was simple.

. Only 1 gene involved!

Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the
behavior of chromosomes

P Generation Yellow-round Green-wrinkled

seeds (YYRR) seeds (yyrr)
Y y
r
R R r
Y y

Meiosis

Fertilization
R Y y r
Gametes
 All F1 plants produce
yellow-round seeds (YyRr).

F1 Generation
R R
y y
r r
Y Y

Meiosis
 All F1 plants produce
yellow-round seeds (YyRr).

F1 Generation
R R
y y
r r
Y Y

LAW OF SEGREGATION Meiosis

The two alleles for each R r
gene separate during
gamete formation. Metaphase I
Y y

1
R r

Anaphase I
Y y

R r
Metaphase
2 II
Y y

Y y
Y y Y
Gametes
R R r r r

1
/4 YR 1
/4 yr 1
/4
 All F1 plants produce
yellow-round seeds (YyRr).

F1 Generation
R R
y y
r r
Y Y
LAW OF INDEPENDENT
LAW OF SEGREGATION Meiosis
ASSORTMENT Alleles of
The two alleles for each R r r R genes on nonhomologous
gene separate during chromosomes assort
gamete formation. Metaphase I independently during gamete
Y y Y y formation.

1 1
R r r R

Anaphase I
Y y Y y

R r r R
Metaphase
2 II 2
Y y Y y

Y y Y
Y y Y y y
Gametes
R R r r r r R R

1
/4 YR 1
/4 yr 1
/4 Yr 1
/4 yR
LAW OF SEGREGATION LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT

F2 Generation
An F1 F1 cross-fertilization

3 Fertilization 3 Fertilization results

recombines the in the 9:3:3:1
R and r alleles 9 :3 :3 :1 phenotypic ratio in
at random. the F2 generation.
Some complications to Mendels laws

Many important traits are controlled by more

than one or two genes

Some alleles are neither dominant nor

recessive.:
Incomplete dominance
Co-domiance

Genes can interact: Epitasis

Epistasis

Labrador genetics: coat color and the

mystery of the dyhybrid cross

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBZ7
8zF2UnQ
Additional exceptions to Mendels laws:

Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance

Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are

located near each other on the same chromosome

Alteration of chromosome number of structure cause some genetic

disorders

Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian

inheritance
Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of
inheritance

Thomas Hunt Morgan, in 1904, started a fly lab.

Many of the important discovery of genetics and
chromosomal inheritance came out of his lab, through
his research on fruit-flies.

Morgan noted wild type, or normal, phenotypes that were common in

the fly populations

Traits alternative to the wild type are called mutant phenotypes

Correlating Behavior of a Genes Alleles
with Behavior of a Chromosome Pair

EXPERIMENT
P
Generation

F1 All offspring
Generation had red eyes.

RESULTS
F2
Generation
CONCLUSION
w w
P X X
Generation X Y
w

w
Sperm
Eggs
F1 w
w w
Generation w

w
Sperm
Eggs
w w
w
F2
w
Generation
w w
w
w
What to remember:

1. Syllabus! I will not answer questions that are

addressed in the syllabus.

2. Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in

the behavior of chromosomes
meiosis law of segregation and law of independent
assortment

3. Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of

inheritance
Next class

Reading assignment:
Chapt 3
Minute-paper

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