COEN 3374

Module 1
OPERATING
SYSTEMS:
INTRODUCTION
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 Parallel Systems
Multiprocessor systems
with more than one CPU in
close communication.
Tightly coupled system
processors share memory
and a clock; communication
usually takes place through
the shared memory.
Advantages of parallel
system:
Increased throughput
Economical
Increased reliability
graceful degradation

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Simultaneous Concurrency
(for multiple processors)
C
CPU1
D
CPU2

t3 t4

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Parallel Systems
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating
system.
Many processes can run at once without performance
deterioration.
Most modern operating systems support SMP

Asymmetric multiprocessing
Each processor is assigned a specific task; master
processor schedules and allocated work to slave
processors.
More common in extremely large systems

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Chapter 1: Outline
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Distribute the
computation among Distributed
several physical
processors. Systems
Loosely coupled system
each processor has its
own local memory;
processors communicate
with one another through
various communications
lines, such as high-speed
buses or telephone lines.
Advantages of distributed
systems.
Resources Sharing
Computation speed up load sharing
Reliability
Communications

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Distributed Systems
Requires networking
infrastructure.
Local area networks (LAN) or
Wide area networks (WAN)
May be either client-server or
peer-to-peer systems.

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Distributed Systems
Site 1

Site 4
Site 2
Computer
Network

Site 3

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

General Structure of Client-
Server

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Client sever: Compute-Server
Client 1

Client 2 Client 3

LAN
Request for action Results sent back to client

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Client sever: File-Server
Client1

Client2 Client3

LAN
Request for data; Files returned;
Create, update, read and files updated

Delete data
File-server

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Chapter 1: Outline
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Clustering allows two
or more systems to Clustered
share storage.
Provides high Systems
availability.
Asymmetric
clustering: one server
runs the application
while another server
is on standby mode.
Symmetric clustering:
all N hosts are running
the application and
monitoring each
other.

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Clustered Systems

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Chapter 1: Outline
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Real-Time Systems
Often used as control devices in a
dedicated application such as
controlling scientific experiments,
medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems, and some display
systems.

Well-defined fixed-time constraints.

Real-Time systems may be either hard

or soft real-time.

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Real-Time Systems (Cont.)

Hard real-time:
Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in
short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by
general-purpose operating systems.

Soft real-time
Limited utility in industrial control or robotics
Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring advanced operating-system features.

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Chapter 1: Outline
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Handheld
Systems Microsoft Windows CE Version
3.0, Pocket Internet Explorer
Personal Digital Pentium class 206MHz Intel
Assistants (PDAs) StrongArm processor
32MB RAM
Cellular telephones
32MB to 128MB Compact Flash
Issues: Disk
Limited memory
Slow processors Operates from a NiMH
Small display screens. rechargeable battery pack for up
to 40+ hours
Integrated Ethernet connectivity
Each machine includes a battery
charger, rechargeable battery
pack, communications cable,
pen, Ethernet adapter, user
leaflet, and ten screen protectors

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Migration of Operating-System Concepts and
Features

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Chapter 1: Outline
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Computing Environments
Traditional computing
Web-Based Computing
Embedded Computing

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 References
A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin and G.
Gagne. Operating Systems Concepts,
6th Edition. John-Wiley and Sons
(2002).
A. S. Tanenbaum. Modern Operating
Systems, 2nd Edition. 2002

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT