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FORMATION
(HEMATOPOIESIS)
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Definition
Hematopoiesis is the proliferation of
progenitor cells, which are maintained by
the stem cells and their differentiation into
all the cellular components of blood.
B. Sites of hematopoiesis depend on the
presence of disease and on the develop-
mental state of the individual.
1. Normal conditions originate in the bone
marrow
Some components (e.g., erythrocytes and
platelets) complete their development at
medullary (i.e., bone marrow) sites, whereas
other components (e.g., T and B cells)
complete their development at extramedullary.
Foetus : 0 2 months yolk sac
0 7 months liver, spleen
5 9 months bone marrow
Infants : Bone marrow (practically all bones)
Adults : vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull,
sacrum, proximal ends of femur
2. Disease
In the presence of disease, extramedullary
sites can serve as primary sites of blood cell
development.
CFUGEMM Lymphoid
stem cell
Erythroid CFUEo
Progenitors CFUMeg CFUGM
CFUE
Thymus
CFU-M CFU-G
B T
lymphotoxins (Table 3)
Table 3. Lymphoid Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Name Source Function
IL - 1 Macrophages, T Stimulates growth of T and B cells,
and B cells, mediates inflammation, inhibits growth of
fibroblasts some cancer cells.
PRONORMOBLAST
BASOPHILIC NORMOBLAST
POLYCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST
ORTHOCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST
RETICULOCYTE
~ 2% pronormoblast
~ 18% basophilic normoblast
~ 54% polychromatophilic normoblasts
~ 26% orthochromatophilic normoblasts
Nucleated red cells (normoblasts) appear in the
blood if erythropoiesis is occurring outsides the
marrow (e.medullary e.poiesis) and also with
some marrow diseases.
Erythropoietin (Epo)
Types of leucocytes :
nuclear or mononuclear)
PROMYELOCYTE
MYELOCYTE
METAMYELOCYTE
BAND FORM
Functions : ~ Chemotaxis
~ Cytotoxic activities : phagocytosis
and granule toxicity
Life span and circulation :
~ Transit time in blood for mature neutrophils :
1 day or less.
~ Probably survive 1-2 days in tissue.
~ N peripheral blood levels : 4.0 10 x 10 3/ul
2. EOSINOPHILS
Functions :
~ a first line defense against parasites
~ modulate hypersensitivity reactions
~ migrate to inflammatory sites
Life span and circulation :
~ Usually exist in concentr. of 100-400/ul
in PB
~ BM maturation time : 2-6 days ,
circ. half life : 6 - 12 hours
3. Basophils and Mast cells
Functions :
~ involved in immediately hypersensitivity
~ trigger anaphylactic degranulation
~ active arachidonic acid metabolites
(e.g..leukotrienes, prostaglandin)
Life span and circulation :
~ Basophils : about 1-2 days
~ Mast cells : present in blood only in pathologic
conditions. Murine studies : mast cells survive
several weeks to several month in tissue
4. MONOCYTES
Functions : Morphology :
~ Activating stimuli Monoblast
~ Chemotaxis
~ Phagocytosis Promonocytes
Monocytes
Life span :
4.5 10 hours (mean 8.5 h)
LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
There are three major functional classes of lymphocy-
tes : B lymphocytes (B cell), T lymphocytes (T cell)
and Natural Killer (NK cell)
Differentiation :
~ B - lymphocyte diff. in BM :
Early pre-B cell
pre B-cell
immature B cell
mature B celll
~ T-lymphocyte diff. in the thymus :
Mature T cell
Function :
~ B cell function : humoral immunity (i.e.,anti
body/immunoglobulins production)
Proliferation
CSF-Mega
Thrombopoietin (TP)
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