UMTS Radio Theory

ZTE University
Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics
Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation
WCDMA Radio mechanism
Multi-path characteristics of radio channel
Electromagnetic propagation:
--direct radiation reflection diffraction and scattering
Signal attenuation:
Path loss Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the spread

reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading

Slow fading Loss because of being blocked by the building and hill in

the propagation path

Fast fading Electromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens

wavelength ranges
Description of Fast fading distribution
Rayleigh distribution non line-of sight(NLOS) transmission

Rician distribution line-of sight(LOS) transmission

Multi-Path Effects

sending signal

strength

receiving signal

0 time
Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Interference dithering

0 2 3 +
Sending signal Accepting signal Sending signal Accepting signal

delay fading
-25dB
0dB

0 +
Sending signal Accepting signal Sending signal Accepting signal

Frequency
Frequencyoff-set
off-setcaused
causedbybythe
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movementof mobile
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thatis
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Dopplereffect
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Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics
Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation
WCDMA Radio mechanism
Spread Spectrum Principles
SHANON Formula

C
C == Blog
Blog22(1+S/N)
(1+S/N)
Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W

It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum

communications.
Spread Spectrum Principles

MAT
HAM H Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth
MER

MATH
HAMMER

30 KHz
1.25 MHz
Spread Spectrum Principles

Despreadin
Spreading radio channel g

Noise

Transmitter Receiver

User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

multiplying high speed spread code(chip)
Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal
bandwidth Rb
For WCDMA, W=3.84Mchip/s Rb(voice)=12kbit/s
Spread Spectrum Principles
Sf Sf

signal
signal

f0 f0 f
f
Before spreading After spreading

Sf Sf

White noise signal

signal White noise

f0 f f0 f
After despreading
Before despreading

signal interference White noise

DS-SS communication system
A technology of transmission after spreading
signal spectrum.
Wideband
Signal

Slow Slow
Information Information
Sent Recovered

TX RX

Fast Fast
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence
Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually

spread and then added together to
create a composite signal
Spread Spectrum Principles
Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received
composite signal by using the right orthogonal code
Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than
interference and noise

Processing Gain

Broadband
Interference

Unwanted Power from

Other Resoures
Concept of orthogonal code

Code1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 Code1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1
Code2 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 Code2 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
Mul -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 Mul +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1
Sum 0 Sum -2

Orthogonal Non-orthogonal

Orthogonal
the result of multiplying
and sum is 0
Example of orthogonal code

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
MUL MUL
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1

-4 4 -1 1
Integral Judge
0 0
Direct spread technique

S1 S1xC1

W
Spreading

S2XC2 Air Interface

S2

S
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC
1
N
=S1 (S1xC1)+(S2xC2)
Despreading

[S1xC1+S2xC2]x
C1xC2=0,
C2
C1,C2,orthogonal
=S2
 Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading
Symbol

Data=010010 1
-1
Chip
Spreading code = Spreading
1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
( SF = 8 )
1
-1
Spread signal
= Data code

Despreadin 1
g -1
Spreading code
1
-1
Data =
Spread signal
Spreading code
Characteristics of Spreading Communication
High anti-multi-path- interference capability
Anti-sudden-pulse
High security
Lower transmitting power
Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access
Communication
Occupy band wide
Complex realization
Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics
Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation
WCDMA Radio mechanism
Purpose of Channel Coding
By adding redundant information in the original
data stream, receivers can detect and correct the
error signal, and improve data transmission rates.

Can not satisfy

No correct coding: BER<10 ~ 10
-1 -2
the communication

Can satisfy the

Convolutional coding BER<10-3
speech communication

Can satisfy the

Turbo coding BER<10-6
data communication
Principle of Channel Coding
Channel coding
Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the
original data
Convolutional coding and Turbo coding 1/2 1/3 are
widely applied.
Increase noneffective load and transmission time
Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors

WCDMA W W C C D D M M AA W ? C C D D M M AA
TURBO T T UURRBBOO T T ? URRBBOO
S P E A K Encoding S S P P E E A A K K
S S PPE E A? K K

Decoding
Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics
Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation
WCDMA Radio mechanism
Principle of Interleave Technology
advantage
Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the

unexpected errors
Advance the correcting validity

disadvantage
Increase the processing delay

Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for

the unexpected error .

e.g.

x1 x6 x11 x16 x21

Data input x2 x7 x22 Data output

x3 x8 x23 A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)
x4 x9 x24
x5 x10 x25
Encoding and Interleaving

WCDMA W W C C D D M M AA WTSWTS
Encoding Interleaving
TURBO T T UURRBBOO CUPCUP
SPEAK S S PPE EAAK K DREDRE
M BAMBA
Encoding + Interleaving can correct both AOKAOK
continuous and non-continuous errors

WTS???
Decoding
W??CDDMMA? Deinterleaving ? ? ?CUP
T ? ?UR??BOO
DR?D?E
S ? ?P?EAAKK
M ?AM BA
AOK?OK
Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics
Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation
WCDMA Radio mechanism
Principle of Modulation
Definition
Modulation is the process where the amplitude,
frequency, or phase of an electronic or optical signal
carrier is changed in order to transmit information.
Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve
communication effectiveness
bit Symbol
Modulation
Classification
Analog Modulation
Digital Modulation
Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

WCDMA Radio mechanism
WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
Channel Coding of WCDMA
Spreading Technology of WCDMA
Modulation of WCDMA
WCDMA Data transmission Procedure

Encoding & Baseband Spreading

UE Data Modulation
Interleaving modulation

RF Transmitting

Despreading Demodulation RF Receiving

Baseband Decoding & UE Data

De-
demodulation
inteleaving
Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

WCDMA Radio mechanism
WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
Channel Coding of WCDMA
Spreading Technology of WCDMA
Modulation of WCDMA
Convolutional Code
Characteristics
Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal
channel
Coding rate : 1/2 & 1/3
Channel bit error rate is 10-3 magnitude
Easy decoding
Short delay
Suitable for realtime service

e.g. speech and video service.
Turbo Code
Characteristics
Used in Data service channel
Code Rate is 1/3
Channel bit error rate is 10-6 magnitude
Can be implemented in the transmission for large block
and long delay services
Complex decoding, needs cycle iterative calculation
Very suitable for non-realtime package service which is
BER sensitive & delay insensitive

e.g. WWW, FTP, E-mail , multimedia transmission .
Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

WCDMA Radio mechanism
WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
Channel Coding of WCDMA
Spreading Technology of WCDMA
Modulation of WCDMA
Spreading Process of WCDMA

Symbol Chip
Data Spread Data
3.84Mcps

3.84Mcps

OVSF Code Scrambling

Code

Symbol rate SF = Chip rate=3.84Mcps

For WCDMA SF of uplink channelization code 4~256
SF of downlink channelization code: 4~512
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
Channelization Code
Adopt OVSF code
Definition: Cch,SF,k, describe channelization code, where
SF : spread factor k : code number, 0 < k<SF-1

C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1, -1, - 1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)

C ch,4,2 = (1, - 1 ,1, - 1)

C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1, - 1, -1, 1)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Scrambling Code
WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random
binary sequence (PN code)
It has similar noise array character, seemingly random
but with regularity.
Can make the user data further random , strengthened
by scrambling a code to keep secret the user data, at
the same time easy to carry out multiple access
communication.
WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold
sequence
Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation.
Cross-correlation is very week between two codes.
It is used to identify cell and user for multiple access.
Characteristic of Scrambling code
There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are
used to distinguish different users in one cell.
There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes,
used to distinguish different cells
Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes,
which are code 0 1 8191. They are divided
into 512 aggregations each aggregation has 1
primary scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary
scrambling codes (SSC).
The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further
into 64 primary scrambling code groups , with 8 primary
scrambling codes in each group.
Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling
Codes 2 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all
18

(0..262142)

No.63 Primary Scrambling Code

Group
No. 511 Scrambling Code
Group No.0 Primary Scrambling Code
Group
No. No. 7 Scrambling Code
8176 8176510 Scrambling
PSC Group
Code
8177
Group
8177 SSC
No. 1Scrambling Code
8160No.
504 Scrambling
112
8160 8176
Group
Code
PSC
8191 8161Group 113 8177
SSC
8191 8161
No. 0 Scrambling Code
Group
8064
8064 16 16 PSC
81758065 127 8191 17
17 SSC 0 0 PSC

81758065
1 1 SSC

8079 31
8079 31 SSC
15
15 SSC
Code Functions
Channelization code ---- for separation of physical
channels in the uplink and separation of users in
the downlink

Scrambling code ---- for separation of

users/terminals in the uplink and cells/sectors in
the downlink.
Spreading code & scrambling code

cch1 Air
Interface

Modulatio
cch 2 cscrambling n

cch 3
Cch spread code

Relative to service rate extended to 3.84Mchips/s

A kind of orthogonal code
Cscrambling scrambling code

Have no effect on signal bandwidth

downlink for identifier cell uplink identifier terminal

A pseudo-random sequence
Processing Gain
P

Processing Wc
Gain Processing Gain
Rb
Despreading

f
W Rb

PG=Wc/Rb (Wc : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

Transmitter/receiver can obtain gain after
spread/despread
The narrower original signal bandwidth, the larger Pg ,
the better
The higher PG, the more anti-interference capability system has.
Question
Whats the Processing Gain for voice service in
WCDMA system?
Given: Voice data rate = 12.2kbps
PG=10lg(Wc/ Rb) , dB units
Wc: 3.84Mchip/s
Rb: 12.2kbps
So for voice service,
PG=10lg(3.84* 106 /12.2* 103)= 25 dB
Despreading procedure
Method of despreading

Input signal
Output after despreading
Ts
(*)dt
0

When T=Ts, judge

integral

Local PN code
Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

WCDMA Radio mechanism
WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
Channel Coding of WCDMA
Spreading Technology of WCDMA
Modulation of WCDMA
Modulation Methods in WCDMA
BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA
summary
Principle of WCDMA
All users are simultaneously transmitted in the same frequency band
Users interfere with each other
Adjacent cells use the same frequency
Cells, users (terminals), and physical channels are separated by codes
Channel coding
Convolutional code
Turbo code
Codes
Channelization code
Scrambling code
Modulation
BPSK
QPSK
16QAM