Design in reinforced

concrete

Prepared by: M.N.M Azeem Iqrah

Skills College of Technology B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C&G (Gdip)
 Introduction
Reinforced concrete is a composite
material, consisting of steel
reinforcing bars embedded in
concrete.
Concrete has high compressive
strength but
low tensile strength.
Steel bars can resist high tensile
stresses but will buckle when
subjected to comparatively low
 Introduction
Steel bars are used in the zones
within a concrete member which
will be subjected to tensile
stresses.
Reinforced concrete is an
economical structural material
which is both strong in
compression and in tension.
Concrete provides corrosion
protection and
 Basic of design
Two limit states design for reinforced
concrete in accordance to BS 8110.
1. Ultimate limit state considers the
behaviour of the element at failure
due to bending, shear and
compression or tension.
2. The serviceability limit state
considers the behaviour of the
member at working loads and is
concerned with deflection and
cracking.
 Material properties -
concrete
The most important property is the
compressive strength. The strength
may vary due to operation such as
transportation, compaction and curing.
Compressive strength is
determined by conducting
compressive test on concrete
specimens after 28 days of
casting.
Two types of specimen: (1) 100 mm
cube (BS standard), and (2) 100 mm
 Characteristic compressive
strength of
concrete
Characteristic strength of concrete
is defined as the value below which
no more than 5 percent of the test
results fall.,
 Characteristic compressive
strength(fcu) of
Cylinder
strength
concrete

Chanakya Arya, 2009. Design of

Cube strength structural elements 3rd
edition, Spon Press.
Concrete strength classes in the range
of C20/25
and C50/60 can be designed using BS
 Stress-strain curve for
concrete

Stress strain
curve for Idealized stress strain
concrete curve for concrete in
cylinder the BS8110
(Chanakya Arya, 2009. Design of structural
elements 3rd edition, Spon Press.)
 Material properties of

1.
steel
Idealized stress-strain curve for steel.
An elastic region,
2. Perfectly plastic region (strain hardening
of steel is
ignored)

BS 8110,
 Durability (clause 3.1.5,
BS 8110)
Durability of concrete structures is
achieved by:
1. The minimum strength class of
concrete
2. The minimum cover to
reinforcement
3. The minimum cement content
4. The maximum water/cement ratio
5. The cement type or combination
6. The maximum allowable surface
Fire protection (clause 3.3.6,
BS8110)
Fire protection of reinforced
concrete members is largely by
specifying limits for:
1. Nominal thickness of cover to
the
reinforcement,
2. Minimum dimensions of
members.
Concrete cover for fire
resistance

BS 8110,
 Minimum dimension for
reinforced
concrete members for fire
resistance

BS 8110,
 Beams (clause 3.4,
BS8110)
Beams in reinforced concrete
structures can be defined
according to:
1. Cross-section
2. Position of reinforcement
3. Support conditions
 Beam design
In ultimate limit state, bending is
critical for moderately loaded
medium span beams. Shear is
critical for heavily loaded short
span beams.
In service limit state,
deflection will be considered.
Therefore, every beam must be
design against bending moment
resistance, shear resistance and
 Types of beam by cross
section

Rectangular L- T-
section section section

L- and T-section beams are produced due

to monolithic construction between beam
and slab. Part of slab contributes to the
resistance of beam.
Under certain conditions, L- and T-beams
are more
 Types of beam by
reinforcement
position

Singly reinforced Doubly reinforced

Singly reinforced reinforcement to resist

tensile stress.
Doubly reinforced reinforcement to resist
both tensile
and compressive stress.
Compressive reinforcement increases the
moment capacity of the beam and can
Notation for beam (clause 3.4.4.3,
BS 8110) b
A
S d

d h

A
S
 Design for bending
M Mu
Maximum moment on beam
moment capacity of
the section
The moment capacity of the beam is
affected by:
1. The effective depth, d
2. Amount of reinforcement,
3. Strength of steel bars
4. Strength of concrete
Singly reinforced
beam
 Moment capacity of singly
reinforced
beam
Fc Moment capacity of the
c
section
z
Fs
t

Force
equilibrium
Fst = Fcc
Fcc = stress x
area
 Singly reinforced
beam

If
Then the singly reinforced section is
sufficient to resist moment.
Otherwise, the designer have to
increase the section size or
design a doubly reinforced
section
 Doubly reinforced
beam
If
The concrete will have insufficient
strength in compression. Steel
reinforcement can be provided in the
compression zone to increase
compressive force.
Beams which contain tension and
compression reinforcement are
termed doubly reinforced.
 Doubly reinforced
beam

M = Fsc (d-d)
+ Fcc z
 Example 3.2 Singly reinforced
beam
(Chanakya
A simply Arya,beam
supported rectangular 2009)
of 7 m
span carries characteristic dead (including self-
weight of beam), gk and imposed, qk, loads of
12 kN/m and 8 kN/m respectively. Assuming the
following material strengths, calculate the area
of reinforcement required.
Example 3.2 Singly reinforced
beam
(Chanakya Arya, 2009)

Compression reinforcement is not

required
Example 3.2 Singly reinforced
beam
(Chanakya Arya, 2009)

Provide 4H20, (As =

1260 mm2)
Cross section area for steel
bars (mm2)
 Example 3.7 Doubly
reinforced beam
(Chanakya
The reinforced concrete Arya,
beam has2009)
an effective
span of 9m and carries uniformly distributed
dead load (including self weight of beam) and
imposed loads as shown in figure below. Design
the bending reinforcement.
Example 3.7 Doubly reinforced beam
(Chanakya
Arya, 2009)
Example 3.7 Doubly reinforced beam
(Chanakya
Arya, 2009)

Compression reinforcement is
required
Example 3.7 Doubly reinforced beam
(Chanakya
Arya, 2009)
 Failure mode of beam in
beam
The failure mode of beam in bending
depends on the amount of
reinforcement.
(1)under reinforced reinforced beam
the steel yields and failure will occur
due to crushing of concrete. The
beam will show considerable
deflection and severe cracking thus
provide warning sign before failure.
(2)over-reinforced the steel does not
yield and failure is due to crushing of
concrete. There is no warning sign and
 Shear (clause 3.4.5,
BS8110)
Two principal shear failure mode:
(a)diagonal tension inclined crack
develops and splits the beam into two
pieces. Shear link should be provide to
prevent this failure.
(b)diagonal compression crushing of
concrete. The shear stress is limited
to 5 N/mm2 or 0.8(fcu)0.5.
 Shear (clause 3.4.5,
TheBS8110)
shear stress is
determined by:

The shear resistance in the beam is

attributed to (1) concrete in the
compression zone, (2) aggregate
interlock across the crack zone and
(3) dowel action of tension
reinforcement.
 Shear (clause 3.4.5,
BS8110)
The shear resistance can be
determined using calculating the
percentage of longitudinal tension
reinforcement (100As/bd) and
effective depth
 Shear (clause 3.4.5,
BS8110)
The values in the table above are
obtained based on the characteristic
strength of 25 N/mm2. For other
values of cube strength up to
maximum of 40 N/mm2, the design
shear stresses can be determined
by multiplying the values in the
table by the factor (fcu/25)1/3.
Shear (clause 3.4.5,
BS8110)
 Shear (clause 3.4.5,
BS8110)
When the shear stress exceeded
the 0.5c, shear reinforcement
should be provided.
(1)Vertical shear link
(2)A combination of vertical and
inclined bars.
Shear (clause 3.4.5,
BS8110)
Sv
0.75d
 Example 3.3 Design of shear
reinforcement
(Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Design the shear reinforcement for
the beam using high yield steel fy
= 500 N/mm2 for the following load
cases:
1. qk = 0
2. qk = 10 kN/m
3. qk = 45 kN/m
Example 3.3 Design of shear
reinforcement
(Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 3.3 Design of shear reinforcement
(Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 3.3 Design of shear reinforcement
(Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 3.3 Design of shear reinforcement
(Chanakya Arya, 2009)

Provide nominal
shear link

=
0.3
Example 3.3 Design of shear reinforcement
(Chanakya Arya, 2009)

The links spacing Sv should not

exceed 0.75d (0.75*547 = 410
mm).
Use H8 at 300 mm centres.
Example 3.3 Design of shear reinforcement
(Chanakya Arya, 2009) Case 3 (qk = 45 kN/m)
 Example 3.3 Design of shear reinforcement
(Chanakya Arya, 2009)

Provide H8 at 150 mm
centres.

Nominal shear links can be used from mid-span to position v = 1.05

N/mm2, to produce an economical design

Provide H8 at 300 mm centres. For

2.172 m either side from centres.
Example 3.3 Design of shear reinforcement
(Chanakya Arya, 2009)

Reinforcement
detailing.
 Deflection
For rectangular beam,
1. The final deflection should not exceed
span/250
2. Deflection after construction of
finishes and partitions should not
exceed span/500 or 20mm,
whichever is the lesser, for spans up
to 10 m.
BS 8110 uses an approximate method
based on
permissible ratios of the
 Deflection (clause
3.4.6.3)

This basic span/effective depth ratio

is used in determining the depth of
the reinforced concrete beam.
 Reinforcement details (clause
3.12, BS
8110)
The BS 8110 spell out a few rules
to follow regarding:
1. Maximum and minimum
reinforcement area
2. Spacing of reinforcement
3. Curtailment and anchorage of
reinforcement
4. Lapping of reinforcement
 Reinforcement areas (clause
3.12.5.3
and 3.12.6.1,
Minimum BS 8110)
area of reinforcement is
provided to control cracking of
concrete.
Too large an area of reinforcement
will hinder proper placing and
compaction of concrete around
reinforcement.
0.24% bh As for fy = 250
For rectangular beam with b2(width)
4% bh N/mm for fy =
and
0.13%h (depth),
bh As the area of N/mm
500 tensile2
4%reinforcement,
bh As should lie:
 Spacing of reinforcement
(clause
3.12.11.1,
The minimum spacingBS 8110)
between
tensile reinforcement is provided to
achieve good compaction.
Maximum spacing is specified to
control cracking.
For singly reinforcement simply
supported beam the clear horizontal
distance between tension bars should
follow:
hagg + 5 mm or bar size sb 280
2
 Curtailment (clause 3.12.9,
BS 8110)

The area tensile reinforcement is

calculated based on the maximum
bending moment at mid- span. The
bending moment reduces as it
approaches to the supports. The area
of tensile reinforcement could be
reduced (curtailed) to achieve
 Curtailment (clause 3.12.9,
BS 8110)

Simply
support
ed
beam
(Chanakya Arya,
Continuo 2009)
us beam
Anchorage (clause 3.12.9,
BS 8110)
At the end support, to achieve proper
anchorage
the tensile bar must extend a length
equal to one of the following:
1. 12 times the bar size beyond the
centre line of
the support
2. 12 times the bar size plus d/2 from
the face of support
(Chanakya Arya,
2009)
Anchorage (clause 3.12.9,
BS 8110)
In case of space limitation,
hooks or bends in the
reinforcement can be use
in anchorage.
If the bends started after
the centre of support, the
anchorage length is at
least 4 but not greater
than 12.
If the hook started before
d/2 from the face of
support, the anchorage
length is at 8r but not
 Continuous L and T
beam beam, various
For continuous
loading arrangement need to be
considered to obtain maximum
design moment and shear force.
 Continuous L and T
beam
The analysis to calculate the
bending moment and shear forces
can be carried out by
1. using moment distribution method
2. Provided the conditions in clause
3.4.3 of BS 8110 are satisfied,
design coefficients can be used.
 Clause 3.4.3 of BS 8110: Uniformly-loaded
continuous beams with approximately equal
spans: moments and
shears
 L- and T- beam
Beam and slabs are cast
monolithically, that is, they are
structurally tied.
At mid-span, it is more economical to
design the beam as an L or T
section by including the adjacent
areas of the slab. The actual width of
slab that acts together with the
beam is normally termed the
effective flange.
 L- and T-beam
At the internal supports, the bending
moment is reversed and it should be
noted that the tensile reinforcement
will occur in the top half of the beam
and compression reinforcement in
the bottom half of the beam.
 Clause 3.4.1.5: Effective
width of
flanged beam

Effective span for continuous beam the

effective span should normally taken as the
distance between the centres of supports
 L- and T- beam
The depth of neutral axis in
relation to the depth of the flange
will influence the design process.
The neutral axis

When the neutral axis lies within

the flange, the breadth of the beam
at mid-span(b) is equal to the
effective flange width. At the
support of a continuous beam, the
breadth is taken as the actual width