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Predominance of Water
-3/4 of earth covered with water (liquid & solid)
-cells are 70-95% water
-all organisms require water for survival
~ 1 week survival time for human without water!
LE 3-2
Hydrogen
bonds
Key properties of water defines behavior
Water-conducting cells
100 m
H2O
Cohesion
Water molecules hold together through H-bonds to other water molecules
Example
Cohesion helps transport water against gravity in plants from roots to stems during
transpiration
Adhesion
Waters attraction to other charged surfaces
Example
Waters attraction to cell walls helps upward transport against
gravity
Surface Tension:
Strong ordered film-like structure at interface
of water and atmosphere
Consequence
Lessens temperature fluctuations to within limits
that permit life
Heat is absorbed to hydrogen bonds break
Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form
Evaporative Cooling
transformation of a substance from liquid to gas
Heat of vaporization
The amount of heat 1 g of liquid must absorb to be converted to
gas (water: ~580 cal/g at 25oC)
remaining surface cools during evaporation, a process called
evaporative cooling
Consequence
Evaporative cooling of water helps stabilize temperatures in
organisms and bodies of water
Perspiration: sensation?
Solid water (ice):
less dense than liquid because H-bonds more stable and
ordered; expansion occurs
Consequence:
Ice floats on liquid water
Insulates; prevents temperature fluctuations
Hydrophilic substance
Attracted to water due to charged or polar nature
e.g. salts (ionic)
Hydrophobic substance
-Repelled by water due to nonpolar nature
e.g. oils, fats (nonpolar)
Hydronium Hydroxide
ion (H3O+) ion (OH)
Simplified to H+
Water Dissociation
-Hydrogen involved in H-bonds in H2O can lose
electron
Results:
-H+ (proton) can bond with another H2O molecule
molecule with the extra proton is now a
hydronium ion (H3O+)
1
Battery acid
Increasingly Acidic
2 Digestive (stomach)
juice, lemon juice
5 Black coffee
Rainwater
6 Urine
Neutral
7 Pure water
[H+] = [OH]
Human blood
8
Seawater
9
Increasingly Basic
[H+] < [OH]
10
Milk of magnesia
11
Household ammonia
12
Household bleach
13
Oven cleaner
14
Calculating pH
Given:
pH= -log[H+]
Exponential!
H CO
2 3
HCO -
3
+ H+
0 More
1 acidic
2
3 Acid
4 rain
5
Normal
6 rain
7
8
9
10
11
12
13 More
14 basic