Deflection and Stiffness

3rd teaching
What will be learned today?
Spring and stiffness
Spring rate of Tension, Compression and Torsion
Deflection of Beam due to bending
Double Integration method
Superposition
Strain energy and Castiginos Theorem
Columns
Spring rate and stiffness1
Hookes law states that F kx
Spring is a mechanical element that exerts force when deformed.

Materials have their property elasticity. They act as if they were spring.
Spring rate and stiffness2
Equivalent spring

Linear spring Nonlinear Nonlinear

stiffening spring softening spring
Spring rate and stiffness3
Equation

F F ( y)
F dF
k ( y ) lim
y 0 y dy

For linear spring, k is constant; then

F
k
y
As seen, the unit of k is the unit of force per distance (N/m).
Spring rate and stiffness4

Distance in term of loads Spring rate or constant

Fl F AE
Tension k
AE l

Tl T GJ
Torsion k
GJ l
Deflection of beam due to bending1
Beam is a member carrying the transversal load
Shafts, axles, cranks, levers, and spring are often treated as beam
when designed.
Deflection of beam due to bending2
Displacement and load relationship

q d4y
4
EI dx
V d3y
3
EI dx
M d2y
2
EI dx
dy

dx
y f ( x)
Deflection of beam due to bending3
Double integration method starts from moment equation and then
integrates this equation twice and uses the boundary conditions to solve
for integration constants to get the deflection equation.

See Ex 4.1 and proof the deflection equation of Table A-9-5

Deflection of beam due to bending4
Superposition method resolves the effect of combined loading on a
structure by determining the effects of each load separately and adding
the result algebraically.

Table A-9-6

Table A-9-7
Strain energy and Castiglinos Theorem1
The external work done on an elastic member in deforming it is
transformed into strain energy.
The strain energy is equal to the product of the average load and the
deflection.

a)
Strain energy and Castiglinos Theorem2
Strain energy

Tension and compression (4-15)

Torsion (4-16)

Direct shear
(4-17)
Strain energy and Castiglinos Theorem3
Strain energy

Bending (4-18)

Bending shear (4-19)

Example 4:8:

4-1
4-19
EXAMPLE 49 A cantilever has a concentrated load F at the end, as
shown in Fig. 49. Find the strain energy in the beam by neglecting
shear.

Solution: At any point x along the beam, the moment is M = Fx .

Substituting this value of M into Eq. (418), we find
Strain energy and Castiglinos Theorem4
Catiglinos Theorem states that when forces act on elastic system
subject to small displacement, the displacement corresponding to any
force, in the direction of the force, is equal to the partial derivative of the
total strain energy with respect to that force.

Mathematical formula

where is the displacement of the point of application of the force

in the direction of . This is true for and .
EXAMPLE 410: The cantilever of Ex. 49 is a carbon steel bar 00.25 m
long long with a 25 mm diameter and is loaded by a force F =450 N.

(a) Find the maximum deflection using Castiglianos theorem, including that
due to shear.
(b) What error is introduced if shear is neglected?

Solution (a) From Eq. (419) and Example 49 data, the total strain energy
is
Columns1
Column is a member carrying the compressive force that is parallel to
the axis of the column.
Types of columns
Long column with central loading
Column with eccentric loading
Struts or short column with eccentric loading
Columns2
Long column with central loading
(Euler column formula)

where is the slenderness

ratio.
Columns3
Long column with central loading

If is the actual slenderness

ratio and is greater than ,
then use the Euler column formula.
Columns4
Column with eccentric loading (Secant column formula)

where is the eccentric ratio.

Columns5
Struts or short column with eccentric loading

If is the actual slenderness ratio

and is greater than , then use
the Secant column formula; otherwise
use equation above.