Binokular dan teleskop

Binokular Teleskop
Observations at other wavelengths are
revealing previously invisible sights

UV infrared

Ordinary
Map
visible of
Orion
regio
n
Consider Orion in Different Wavelengths
of Light!
http://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/20/scotus.heatdetector.01.
ap/index.html
Hubble Space Telescope Views of Orion Nebula showing stars
hidden in clouds
http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/97/13/A.html
TODAYS Sun as seen in visible light from
Earth and from space in X-rays by
satellites

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/tslater/real-time/
Observations at wavelengths other
than visible light are revealing
previously invisible sights

Visible light image radio wavelength image

 A larger
objective
lens provides
a brighter
(not bigger)
image
 lenses
reverse
images
 Three main functions of a telescope

Brighten
(called light gathering power)
See fine detail
(called resolution)
and least important,
Magnify
magnification = (objective lens focal length / eyepiece lens
focal length)
 Magnification of telescope
Kuasa pembesaran teleskop, M
bergantung kepada nisbah jarak fokus
kanta objek dan kanta mata seperti
rumus berikut:

M (Kuasa Pembesaran)
M= fo (Jarak Fokus Kanta Objek)
fe (Jarak Fokus Kanta Mata)
 Functions of a Telescope
To gather light.
want a large objective
range of few inches to 10 meters!!
To resolve fine detail.
limited by size and atmospheric
seeing
To magnify
least important
about 50x per inch of aperture (rule of
thumb)
 Refracting telescopes have
drawbacks
Spherical
aberration
Chromatic
aberration
Special achromatic compound lenses
and lens coatings can often fix this
aberration
 Refracting telescopes have
drawbacks
Spherical
aberration
Chromatic
Sagging due to
aberration
gravity distorting
the lens
Unwanted
refractions
opaque to certain
wavelengths of
light Observatory - 40-inch Refracting Telescope:
Yerkes
The Largest Refracting Telescope in the World
 Astronomers face two major
obstacles in observing the stars

Light Pollution from Cities

Effects of Twinkling from Earths
atmosphere
Tucson, Arizona in 1959 and
1980
Earths atmosphere hinders astronomical
research
Image of stars taken Same picture taken with
with a telescope on the Hubble Space Telescope high
Earths surface above Earths blurring
atmosphere
 Rapid changes in the density of Earths atmosphere cause passing
starlight to quickly change direction, making stars appear to twinkle.
 Advanced technology is spawning a new
generation of equipment to view the universe

CCDs (charge-coupled devices)

Large telescopes on remote
mountain tops
Mauna Kea in Hawaii
Cerro Pachon in Chile
Adaptive Optics to counteract the
blurring of Earths atmosphere
Orbiting space observatories
A Charge-Coupled Device
(CCD)
 Ordinary Photographs vs.
CCDs

Film (negative) CCD (negative) CCD (positive)

Same integration (I.e. exposure) time.

Different quantum efficiency: Film 1% CCD 70%
Matching 10-m, multiple
mirror Keck Telescopes
in Hawaii with adaptive
optics
 High
above
Earths
atmosphe
re, the
Hubble
Space
Telescope
provides
stunning
details
about the
universe
 What did you think?
What is the main purpose of a
telescope?
A telescope is designed to collect as
much light as possible. It also improves
resolution and magnifies images.
Why do stars twinkle?
Rapid changes in the density of Earths
atmosphere cause passing starlight to
change direction, making stars appear
to twinkle.
 Space Probe :Prob Angkasa
Prob ialah sebuah kapal angkasa robot yang dilancarkan
menggunakan roket bertujuan untuk meneroka sifat-
sifat fizikal angkasa lepas atau jasad-jasad dalam alam
semesta .
Prob tidak membawa sebarang angkasawan. Ia
dilancarkan dari Bumi dan membawa instrumen-
instrumen untuk mengkaji atmosfera dan komposisi
angkasa dan planet-planet, bulan atau jasad-jasad alam
semesta yang lain.
Instrumen-instrumen yang dibawa oleh prob adalah
spektrometer, radiometer, magnetometer serta kamera
televisyen peka kepada infra merah, cahaya nampak
dan ultra ungu.
 Terdapat tiga jenis prob iaitu interplanetary,
orbiter dan lander.
Prob interplanetary atau prob antara planet
ialah prob yang bergerak merentasi planet-
planet. Contohnya Voyager 2.
Manakala prob orbiter adalah prob yang
dihantar untuk mengorbit planet-planet
tertentu. Contohya Magellan.
Prob lander pula adalah prob yang mendarat di
atas permukaan planet atau objek angkasa
yang lain. Misalnya Pathfinder dan Curiousity.
 http
://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sola
r_System_probes
International Space
Station
 Living on the International
Space Station (ISS)
Japanese Experiment Harmony Node 2
Module Module
Destiny Laboratory Columbus
Module Laboratory Module

Quest Airlock
Module
Integrated Truss
Structure

Tranquility Node 3 Unity Node 1

Module with Cupola Module
Zarya Control
February 2010 - The ISS viewed from the Module
Space Shuttle Endeavour following Zvezda Service
separation during the STS-130 Mission. Module
What is it all about?
A research facility
assembled in orbit National Aeronautics and
arround Earth Space Administration
Joint project between (NASA, United States)
five space agencies Russian Federal Space
Agency (Roskosmos,
Russian Federation)
Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency (JAXA,
Japan)
Canadian Space Agency
(CSA, Canada)
European Space Agency
(ESA, Europe)
Structures and design
a set of
communicating
pressurized
modules
connected to a
truss
Powered by the
Sun
Pressurized modules so
far
Modules to be Launched
Modules Launched
two Russian modules Zarya
and Zvezda
and two US modules
Destiny and Node 1.
Harmony (Node 2)
August 2007
Columbus Laboratory
Module October 2007
Japanese Experiment
Module 2008/2009
Multipurpose
Laboratory Module
2009
Node 3 and Cupola
2010
Russian Research
Module 2010 or later
Life Support
Provides/controls
elements such as
atmospheric pressure,
oxygen levels, water,
fire extinguishing etc.
The system recycles
fluid from the sink,
shower, urine, and
condensation
The Costs
An estimated
100-130 billion $
Some criticism
A waste of both time and tax money
Those money could be spent for solving
Earth problems
Actual research has been trivial even
compared to low expectations
Requires too much maintenance
Its highly inclined orbit, means American
launches need to carry more fuel
 ISS Expedition Two Hosts Shuttle Astronauts
July 2001 - Cosmonaut Yury V. Usachev organizes different kinds of food in the Zvezda
Service Module at the galley. Expedition Two is hosting the STS-104 astronauts.

Crew
Compartment

Toilet &
Hygiene
Compartment

Galley
Table
 ISS Expedition Two and STS-105 Crews Share a Meal
August 2001 During the first meal shared by the STS-105 and Expedition Two crews, the
mission shirts were issued to the departing station occupants in the Zvezda Service Module.
 ISS Expedition Seven Crew Members Prepare Food
October 2002 - Astronaut Peggy A. Whitson and cosmonaut Sergei Y. Treschev share a meal
in the Zvezda Service Module.
 ISS Expedition Two Crewmember Shaves
March 2001 Cosmonaut Yury V. Usachev uses an electric razor in the Zvezda Service
Module. A sleeping bag is located in the compartment behind the Cosmonaut.
 Astronaut Brushes Hair
August 2007 - Astronaut Tracy Caldwell, on the mid deck of the Space Shuttle Endeavour,
grooms her hair as she prepares to participate in the ISS supply transfer chores.
ISS Expedition Sixteen Astronaut Prepares to Sleep
November 2007 - Astronaut Daniel Tani
is tucked away in a sleeping bag near
two Extravehicular Mobility Unit
spacesuits in the Quest Airlock.
ISS Expedition Six Cosmonaut Photographs Earth
March 2003 - Cosmonaut Nikolai M. Budarin uses a still camera to photograph the
topography of a point on Earth from a window in the Zvezda Service Module.
 ISS Expedition Four Cosmonaut takes Inventory
March 2002 - Cosmonaut Yury I. Onufrienko catalogs water canisters in the Zvezda
Service Module.
 ISS Expedition Six Cosmonaut Works in Zvezda Sleep Station
March 2003 - Cosmonaut Nikolai M. Budarin uses a computer in a sleep station in the
Zvezda Service Module.
 ISS Expedition Two Astronaut Installs Video Camera
June 2001 - Astronaut Susan J. Helms mounts a video camera onto a bracket in
the Zarya Control Module.
 ISS Expedition Three Astronaut works Experiment
August 2001 - Astronaut Frank L. Culbertson, Jr. works at the Biotechnology Specimen
Temperature Controller (BSTC) for the Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support System
(CBOSS) in the Destiny laboratory.
 Astronaut Examines Plant Growth Experiment
November 2002 - Belgian Soyuz 5 Flight Engineer Frank DeWinne is pictured near a
plant growth experiment in the Zvezda Service Module. DeWinne represents the
European Space Agency.
ISS Expedition Nine Crewmen with Russian Spacesuits

August 2004 - Cosmonaut Gennady I. Padalka (left) and astronaut Edward M. (Mike)
Fincke pose with their Russian Orlan spacesuits in the Pirs Docking Compartment.
 ISS Astronaut takes Photograph from Cupola Bay Window
February 2010 - Japan
Aerospace Exploration
Agency astronaut
Soichi Noguchi
photographs the Earth
from inside the newly-
installed Cupola
observation module.
ISS Expedition Seven Astronaut Prepares to Work in Space
October 2002 - Astronaut Piers J. Sellers exits the Quest Airlock module beginning the first
scheduled session of extravehicular activity (EVA) for the STS-112 mission astronauts.
Astronaut David A. Wolf (out of frame) joined Sellers on the spacewalk.
 Astronauts work on the Truss
December 2006 - Astronaut Robert L. Curbeam Jr. (left) and European Space Agency
astronaut Christer Fuglesang work on the Port 1 (P1) truss. The Pacific Ocean with New
Zealand and Cook Strait is seen. Cook Strait divides New Zealand's North and South
Islands.
Astronauts Continue Truss Construction and Maintenance
August 2007 - Astronauts Rick Mastracchio (right) and Clay Anderson continue construction
and maintenance on the Port 1 (P1) truss. The S-Band Antenna Sub-Assembly is relocated
from P6 to P1 truss, a new transponder is installed on P1, and a transponder is retrieved
from P6.
 ISS Expedition Two Astronaut and Cosmonaut take Break
April 2001 - Astronaut Susan J. Helms pauses from her work while cosmonaut Yury V.
Usachev speaks into a microphone aboard the Destiny laboratory.
ISS Expedition Two Astronaut Exercises

April 2001 Astronaut James S.

Voss reads the book "The Last of
the Mohicans" while exercising on
the cycle ergometer in the Zvezda
Service Module.

In micro-gravity, the body loses

bone and muscle mass. To counter
these losses, crew members
exercise daily. The Zvezda Service
Module is equipped with a
treadmill and a stationary bicycle.
Crew members must strap
themselves onto these devices to
prevent them from floating away
while exercising.
 ISS Expedition Three Cosmonaut Plays Guitar
August 2001 - Cosmonaut Mikhail Tyurin of Rosaviakosmos relaxes among stowage bags
in the hatch area of the Quest Airlock module.
ISS Expedition Eight Crewmembers with Holiday Decorations
December 2003 - Astronaut C. Michael Foale (left) and cosmonaut Alexander Y. Kaleri pose
with holiday decorations in the Zvezda Service Module.