TIME HOPING SPREAD

SPECTRUM
 Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum Goes Commercial, by
Donald L. Schilling of City College of New
York, Raymond L. Pickholtz of George
Washington University, and Laurence B.
Milstein of UC San Diego in1990
 Spread spectrum is a means of
transmission in which the signal
occupies a bandwidth in excess
of the minimum necessary to
send the information; the band
spread is accomplished by
means of a code which is
independent of the data, and a
synchronized reception with the
code at the receiver is used for
despreading and subsequent
 A time hopping system is a spread
spectrum system in which the period and
duty cycle of a pulsed RF carrier are varied
in a pseudorandom manner under the
control of a coded sequence
Information is carried by short impulse
which position in time denotes the
transmitted bit
positions are not periodic; they are
random which leads to Time Hopping
The period and duty cycle of a pulsed RF
carrier are varied in a pseudorandom
manner under the control of a coded
sequence
 Time Hoping baseband signal composed
of subnano second pulses
 Time Hoping Features
NO Merits Demerits
1 Bandwidth efficient Elaborate code
acquisition is needed
2 Reduced duty cycle Not Efficient in Anti
jamming
3 Simpler than FH Needs FEC
system
THSS Transmiter
THSS Reciever
 A brief history of Chirp pulses

Used by whales and dolphins

Patent for radar applications in 1944 by Prof.
Hoffmann
Further developed by Sidney Darlington
(Lifetime IEEE Fellow) in 1947 (Pulse
Compression Radar)
Patented by Canon for data transmission in fiber
optic systems
Chirp Spread Spectrum for commercial wireless
data transmission is investigated since 1997

November 2003 Lampe, Ianelli, Nanotron Slide 11

 Chirp modulation or linear frequency modulation
was introduced by Winkler in 1962.
Multiple access interference (MAI) limits the number
of users and simultaneously accessing the shared
communications resource.
The chirp signals used for binary multi-user
communication were selected such that they all
have the same power as well as the same bandwidth
Combining their CMSS technique with frequency
hopping. This hybrid spread spectrum technique
improves communication system performance
especially in multipath fading dispersive channels.
 Characteristics of Chirp pulses

A chirp pulse is a frequency modulated pulse.

Its duration is T; within this time the frequency is changing in a
monotonic manner from a lower value to a higher one (Up-Chirp) or
reverse (Down-Chirp).
The difference between these two frequencies is a good
approximation for the bandwidth B of the chirp pulse.

S(f)

f
B

Spectrum of the chirp pulse with Up-Chirp in the time domain

bandwidth B and a roll-off factor of 0.25 (roll-off factor 0.25)

November 2003 Lampe, Ianelli, Nanotron Slide 13

 The basic Chirp signal

Chirp pulse:
U0 t 2
U (t ) cos( 0t )
BT 2

Sinc pulse (baseband):

sin(Bt )
U (t ) U 0
Bt

Sinc pulse (RF band):

sin(Bt )
U (t ) U 0 cos( 0t )
Bt

November 2003 Lampe, Ianelli, Nanotron Slide 14

 Properties of signal forms in the
air and baseband interfaces

Chirp pulses for the RF channel:

High robustness (BT>>1)
Wideband signal
Constant envelope of the RF waveform
Constant, uniform PSD (Power Spectral Density)

well controlled spectrum in very simple way

Sinc pulses in the baseband:

High speed (B=1)
Easy signal processing (threshold detector)

November 2003 Lampe, Ianelli, Nanotron Slide 15

 Scalable Technology

Frequency spreading:

Basic information theory tells us that CSS benefits when

the bandwidth B of the Chirp pulse is much higher than the
data rate R: B >> R

Time spreading:

The data rate can scale independently of the BT product.

The duration T of the Chirp pulse can be chosen freely. A signal with a
very high BT product can be achieved, which transforms into a very
robust signal in the channel.

November 2003 Lampe, Ianelli, Nanotron Slide 16

 Key Properties of CSS
High robustness:
Due to the high BT product, chirp pulses are very resistant against
disturbances.

Multipath resistant:
Due to the broadband chirp pulse, CSS is very immune against
multipath fading; CSS can even take advantage of RF echoes.

Low power consumption:

CSS allows the designer to choose an analog implementation,
which often consumes much less power.

Low latency:
CSS needs no synchronization; a wireless connection can be
established very quickly.
November 2003 Lampe, Ianelli, Nanotron Slide 17
 How to code using CSS

Modulation techniques: f
fHI
1 0 1 0 0 1

On-Off-Keying (OOK), for example: fLO

t
Up-Chirp = 1; Null = 0
allows 2 independent coexisting networks

Superposed Chirps (4 possible states):

Chirp pulse
Null/Up-Chirp/Down-Chirp/ OOK with Null and Up-Chirp
Superposition of Up- and Down-Chirp
allows one network with double the data rate

November 2003 Lampe, Ianelli, Nanotron Slide 18

 Coexistence Properties of CSS

Immune to in-band interferer:

Scalable processing gain (determined by BT product of the chirp)
enables selection of appropriate immunity level against in-band
interferences.

Example:
Bandwidth B of the chirp 64 MHz
Duration time T of the chirp 1 s
Center frequency of the chirp (ISM band) 2.442 GHz
Processing gain, BT product of the chirp 18 dB
Eb/N0 at detector input (BER=0.001) 14 dB
In-band carrier to interferer ratio (C/I @ BER=0.001) -4 dB

November 2003 Lampe, Ianelli, Nanotron Slide 19