Question and answer

1.Name the type of cell division in cloning

Cloningis the production of identical genetic
copies. Allformsof asexual reproduction are
variations of thecell divisionprocess of mitosis

2.What is bivalent chromosome?

A bivalent, sometimes referred to as a tetrad, is
a pair of associated homologous chromosomes
held together by a complex after chromosome
replication
 3.The function of Mitosis and Meiosis

i) Mitosis or mitotic cell division or equational cell

division is meant for multiplication of cells.
Development of complete organism from zygote is by
means of mitotic cell division. So mitosis is necessary
for maintenance, growth, repair and continuity of life.
It takes place in vegetative or somatic cells.

ii) Meiosis is a type of cell division occurring in the

reproductive cell of sexually reproducing organisms. It
was described by Strasburger (1888). As a result of
meiosis, the parent cell with diploid (2n) number of
chromosomes is reduced to the haploid number (n) in
daughter cells. So meiosis is also called reductional
division
4.Can u briefly explain about the difference between
chromatid,sister chromatid,chromosome and
homologous chromosomes?
Chromatid is one copy of a duplicated chromosome, which is
generally joined to the other copy by a single centromere.
Sister chromatid refers to either of the two identical copies
(chromatids) formed by the replication of a single
chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common
centromere.
chromosome is packaged and organized chromatin, a
complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA,
protein and RNA. It is a single piece of coiled double-stranded
DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other
non-coding DNA.
Homologous chromosome is a couple of homologous
chromosomes is a set of one maternal chromosome and one
paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a
cell during meiosis
5.When human start producing sex cell(sex
cell become active)??
From the time of puberty on, men make sex cells
(in the form of sperm cells) continuously. In
contrast, by the time a woman is born, she has
made all of the eggs that she will ever have. As
she reaches puberty, the eggs begin to develop
and get released, and this process continues until
menopause. In both males and females, the
production of sex cells involves meiosis, a type of
cell division whereby our two sets of genetic
instructions are reduced to one set for the sex cell.
6.Why the centromere in mitosis cycle divide but
not in meiosis cycle??
In the beginning of meiosis, the maternal and paternal
homologs pair with each other. Then they typically
exchange parts by homologous recombination leading to
crossovers of DNA between the maternal and paternal
versions of the chromosome. Spindle fibers bind to the
centromeres of each pair of homologs and arrange the
pairs at the spindle equator. Then the fibers pull the
recombined homologs to opposite poles of the cell. As
the chromosomes move away from the center the cell
divides into two daughter cells, each containing a haploid
number of chromosomes composed of two chromatids.
After the recombined maternal and paternal homologs
have separated into the two daughter cells, a second
round of cell division occurs. There meiosis ends as the
two sister chromatids making up each homolog are
separated and move into one of the four resulting
gamete cells.