Cloningis the production of identical genetic copies. Allformsof asexual reproduction are variations of thecell divisionprocess of mitosis
2.What is bivalent chromosome?
A bivalent, sometimes referred to as a tetrad, is a pair of associated homologous chromosomes held together by a complex after chromosome replication 3.The function of Mitosis and Meiosis
i) Mitosis or mitotic cell division or equational cell
division is meant for multiplication of cells. Development of complete organism from zygote is by means of mitotic cell division. So mitosis is necessary for maintenance, growth, repair and continuity of life. It takes place in vegetative or somatic cells.
ii) Meiosis is a type of cell division occurring in the
reproductive cell of sexually reproducing organisms. It was described by Strasburger (1888). As a result of meiosis, the parent cell with diploid (2n) number of chromosomes is reduced to the haploid number (n) in daughter cells. So meiosis is also called reductional division 4.Can u briefly explain about the difference between chromatid,sister chromatid,chromosome and homologous chromosomes? Chromatid is one copy of a duplicated chromosome, which is generally joined to the other copy by a single centromere. Sister chromatid refers to either of the two identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a single chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. chromosome is packaged and organized chromatin, a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein and RNA. It is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other non-coding DNA. Homologous chromosome is a couple of homologous chromosomes is a set of one maternal chromosome and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis 5.When human start producing sex cell(sex cell become active)?? From the time of puberty on, men make sex cells (in the form of sperm cells) continuously. In contrast, by the time a woman is born, she has made all of the eggs that she will ever have. As she reaches puberty, the eggs begin to develop and get released, and this process continues until menopause. In both males and females, the production of sex cells involves meiosis, a type of cell division whereby our two sets of genetic instructions are reduced to one set for the sex cell. 6.Why the centromere in mitosis cycle divide but not in meiosis cycle?? In the beginning of meiosis, the maternal and paternal homologs pair with each other. Then they typically exchange parts by homologous recombination leading to crossovers of DNA between the maternal and paternal versions of the chromosome. Spindle fibers bind to the centromeres of each pair of homologs and arrange the pairs at the spindle equator. Then the fibers pull the recombined homologs to opposite poles of the cell. As the chromosomes move away from the center the cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing a haploid number of chromosomes composed of two chromatids. After the recombined maternal and paternal homologs have separated into the two daughter cells, a second round of cell division occurs. There meiosis ends as the two sister chromatids making up each homolog are separated and move into one of the four resulting gamete cells.