How Scientist Think

Scientist use reasoning

when examining the world.
Deductive reasoning is the
process of using general
priciples to explain
individual observations.
Inductive reasoning is the
process of using specific
observation to formulate
general principles
 The Scientific Process

Joseph Farman, who first reported

the ozone hole, is practicing
science, and what he was doing in
Antartica was science.
Science is a particular way of
investigating the world, of forming
general rules about why things
happen by observing particular
situation.
Scientis like Farman is an observer,
some one who looks at the world
in order to understand how it works.
How Science Is Done

Doing Observation and writing

observation result, Make a
Question or a problem
Construct a hypotesis
Hypotesis is a proposition that
might be true
Making Prediction
Testing a hypothesis with an
experiment
Looking for experiment and
writing experiment result
Forming conclusion
 Observation

Gap between hope and fact

The key to any succesful scientific
investigation is careful observation
Farman and other scientists had
studied the skies over the Antartic
for many years, noting a thousand
details about temperatur, ligt, and
levels of chemicals. Had these
scientist not kept careful records of
what they observed. Farman might
not have noticed that ozone levels
were dropping.
 Hypothesis
Is a guess that might be true
What the scientist guessed was
that chlorine from CFCs release
into the atmosphere was reacting
chemically with ozone over the
Antartic, converting ozone into
oxygen gas and onazen and in the
process removing the ozone shield
from our earths atmosphere.
Often, scientis will form alternative
hypotesis if they have more than
one guess about what thyey
observe
 Prediction
If the CFCs hypothesis is
correct, then several
consequences can reasonable
be expected
We call these expected
consequences predictions.
A prediction is what you
expect to happen if hypothesis
is true
The CFCs hypothesis predicts
that if CFCs are responsible for
producing ozone hole.
 Testing

Scientist set out to test the CFC

hypothesis by attempting to verify
some of its prediction.
To test the hypothesis, atmospheric
samples ere collected from the
atmospheric samples were
collected from the atmosphere over
6 miles up a high altitude ballon.
Analysis of the samples revealed
CFCs, as predicted. Were the
CFCs interacting with the ozone?
The samples contained free
chlorine and fluorine, confirming
the breakdown of CFC molecules.
The result of the experient thus
support the hypothesis
 Control

Variable: each factor that might

influence by many factors
To evaluate alternative hypothesis
about one variable, all the other
variables must be kept constant so
that we do not get misled or
confused by these other influences
This is done by carrying out two
experiment in parallel:
The first experimental test: we alter
one variable is known way to test a
particular hypothesis
The second, called the control
experiment, we do not alter that
variable
 Conclution

A hypothesis that has been tested

and not rejected is tentatively
accepted
The hypothesis that CFCs released
into the atmosphere ae destroying
the earths protective ozon shields
is now supported by a great deal of
experimenttal evidence and is
widely accepted.
A collection of related hypotheses
that have been tested many times
and not rejected is called theory.