Republic of the Philippines

Department of Public Works and Highways

In cooperation with Japan International Cooperation Agency

ROAD SLOPE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ENGR. LEAH V. NEGRE

PDD-DPWH Region VII
The Philippines
7,107 islands;
36,289 km coastline;
29,000+ km of National
highways
2,000+ km along steep
slopes of ridges and
valleys;
22 active volcanoes;
active faults;
Situated along the Pacific Rim
of Fire; and
Along the typhoon paths.
 Natural Conditions
a. Typhoons
Geographically located along
typhoon path with an ave. 20
typhoons/year consisting of intense
rainfall;
Luzon island highest rainfall
intensity;
High tides coinciding with typhoons
intensify storm surges along
coastlines; and
Rain-induced landslides
b. Earthquakes
Induce landslides and slopes failures
that cause massive siltation in river
channels, damage to national
Natural Conditions
c. Volcanic
eruptions/explosion Cause rivers to
meander and change
of pyroclastic course, causing
materials flooding to previously
not flood prone areas;
Reduce river
conveyance capacity
due to materials in the
channel; and
Breaching of volcanic
crater (caldera) cause
flash flood
 Representative Typhoon Tracks
MAY
FEBRUARY

Very Frequent Northern and

32% Central Luzon

NOVEMBER
OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER

Frequent AUGUS Southern Luzon

T
DECEMBER
16% JULY
MARCH
JUNE
JANUARY
Frequent Northern
19% Visayas
APRIL

Southern
Less Visayas and
Frequent
7%
Northern
Mindanao

Rare Mindanao Island

1%
 General Condition of the
Disaster in the Philippines
(1) Natural Disasters
The Philippines is one of the most
striking natural disaster belts in the
world
The number of cases of natural disaster
702 /90 years (1901-1991): The worst in
the world

Frequency of the natural disaster per

area
Flood : 4th in the world
(1966-1990)
Rainstorm : 2nd in the world
Number of Casualties by Type of Disaster (1905-
2003)
Type of Disaster Number of Ratio Number of Ratio Number of Ratio
fatalities injuries affected people

Typhoon/Tempest 31,738 66% 25,154 62% 67,526,050 78%

Earthquake 8,728 18% 13,054 32% 2,353,631 3%
Volcanic eruption 2,996 6% 1,188 3% 1,541,518 2%
Flood 2,652 6% 570 1% 10,432,585 12%
Slope failure 1,453 3% 293 1% 295,968 0%
Infectious disease 364 1% 0 0% 13,178 0%
High wave/Tide 69 0% 0 0% 6,262 0%
Drought 8 0% 0 0% 4,185,050 5%
Fire 2 0% 0 0% 300 0%
Pest damage 0 0% 0 0% 200 0%
Total 48,010 100% 40,259 100% 86,354,742 100%
 Outline of current damage of
Flood and Sediment-related
Disasters
Average 1970-2003
Casualties (dead) : 779 persons/year
Casualties (injured) : 989
persons/year
Casualties (missing) : 1,586
persons/year
Affected population : 3,776,703
persons/year
Completely destroyed houses : 87,886
house/year
Partially destroyed houses : 214,600
house/year
Damage to Infrastructures : 3,701 million
pesos/year
Damage to Agriculture : 1,505 million
pesos/year
Damage to Private Properties : 366 million
pesos/year
Total Damage : 5,567 million
pesos/year
 Background of the Study on Risk
Management for Sediment-Related
Disaster
DPWH proposed for a study from the
GOJ in 2002;
JICA dispatched Mission 2004;
Formulated TOR for the
Implementation of the Study in
September 23, 2004;
Approved Implementing
Arrangement (IA) between DPWH
and JICA September 23, 2004;
Started March 2006; and
Completed June 2007.
 The Objectives of the
Study
1. To Formulate Inspection System for Road
Slope Disasters;
2. To Formulate Database System for Road
Slope Disaster Management;
3. To Recommend Systematic Plan to
Mitigate Road Slope Disasters; and
4. To Enhance the Management Capability
of DPWH Engineers for Road Slope
Disasters.
 Goals of Disaster Management and Outputs of the Study

Ultimate -Improvement of Traffic Function &

Future

Goal Safety
Study

-Reduction of Maintenance Cost

Cooperation
with BMS/PMS

Managed/Execut
ed by the
concerned
Project
Establishment ofAgency
Management
The scope of the

Target
Preparation of Plan
Disaster Database
Execution of Inventory Survey

Technolog
y Transfer
Main
Study

Results
SRMSRD Managemen
Manuals for the Database System for
Management of Road t
Road Slope Disaster Organizatio
Slope Disaster
Improvement
n of
Technological
Management System
Results
 Organization of the
Study
DPWH
Head Office JICA Philippines
Office
JICA Road Expert
PMO-FCSEC Expert

STEERING COMMITTEE
Chairman: RAUL C. ASIS

Approval/Decis
ion
Advice Technical Working
Group
Head: REBECCA T. GARSUTA
Proposal/Rep
ort

STUDY TEAM
DPWH Counterpart JICA Study Team
Team Team Leader
Team Leader: Yuichi TSUJIMOTO
Rebecca T. GARSUTA
LOCATION OF
STUDY AREA
CAR

II

MANILA

VIII

VII

XI
 IMPLEMENTATION
SCHEDULE
2006 2007
WORK ITEMS
March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April May

Preparation
Preliminary Inventory Survey
Detailed Inventory Survey
Feasibility Study
Formulation of Database
Database System
Database Input
ISM
Manual Preparation
Guidelines
Historical Review
Institutional Study
Report Inc/R P/R I/R D/F F/R
Seminar
Policies to Implement the
Study
1. Joint Work with DPWH
2. Practical Inventory Survey &
Technical Manuals
3. Recommendation on Systematic
Disaster Management
 Process of Selection of Model Sections in
Each Stage

Regions 332 km 50 KM 5 - Sites

CAR A

B
VII
C

VIII D

E
ETC.
F

Planned Preliminary Detailed F/S

Sections Survey Survey
 Major Activity and Output of the
Major Activity
Study Output
Major Activity

1. Execution of Inventory Survey 1. Identified Critical

on Slope/Road Disasters for Sections and Risk
Selected National Highways; Assessment of Slope/
2. Preparation of Technical Manuals; 2. Road Failures;
Technical Manuals for the
Execution of Inventory
Survey;
3. Formulation/Development of
Database System; 3. Database System for Road
Slope Disaster
Management;
4. Review on Road Slope Disasters 4. Estimation of Socio-
in National Highways; and Economic Loss due to
Road Slope Disasters; and
5. Institutional Study 5. Recommendation on Road
Slope Disaster
Management
TYPES OF SLOPE FAILURES
TYPES SYMBOLS
1. Landslide LS
2. Soil Collapse SC
3. Rock Slope RF
Failure
4. Road Slip RS
5. Debris Flow DF
6. River Erosion RE
7. Coastal Erosion CE
LANDSLIDE (LS)
(Varnes 1978) CHARACTERISTICS
A part of the road swells
up by an inch or higher.
Mostly triggered by rainfall
infiltration, earthquake and
due to cut along the route
through the toe of slope.
Materials are earths and
highly weathered rocks.
Prone to occur on gentle
Sliding Block slope of a mountain side
where marked/observed
with topographic features
Road
that is gentle and
deformed.
Size/volume of collapsed/
collapsible materials is
generally more than 5,000
m3.
 SOIL COLLAPSE
(SC) CHARACTERISTICS
Part of the mountain
side slope suddenly
Soils or Weathered Rock

Soil/withered Rocks falls down on the

road.
Soil Collapsed
Mostly triggered by
rainfall infiltration.
Rock
Collapsed/collapsible
Road
Rock materials are earths
and highly
weathered rocks.
Prone to occur on
steep slopes in a
depressed ground.
Size/volume of
collapsed/ collapsible
 ROCK SLOPE FAILURE
(RF) CHARACTERISTICS
Free fall or rolling
Cracks down hard rocks and
Rock Fall boulders in the slope.
Falls occurs due to
gravity and are
controlled by the
Road distribution of joints.
Materials are hard
jointed rocks.
Prone to occur on
steep slope and cliff.
Size/volume of
collapsed/ collapsible
materials is generally
less than 5 m3.
 CHARACTERISTICS
ROAD SLIP
(RS)
Earths or Slip of a road body and a
Weathered rocks
valley side slope
Road materials.
Slip Mostly triggered by
rainfall infiltration.
Rock
Materials are earths and
highly weathered rocks.
Road Occurs in an area of
Slip Permeable concave slope especially
Deposit in over-steep along the
road.
Rock Materials are highly
permeable deposits.
Embankment Occurs in an area with
Road Slip over-steep slope below
the culvert and
Culvert
embankment in a crossing
Rock
point over the valley
DEBRIS FLOW (DF)
CHARACTERISTICS
Mostly triggered by
heavy rainfall
causing rapid
DEBRIS FLOW
excess/surface run-
off over the road;
Collapsible
Materials
Materials composed
of boulders, gravels,
sands, silts and clay
mixed with big
amount of water;
and

Road
Occurs in an area
Drainage/ with over-steep
Culvert slope at crossing
point over the valley.
RIVER EROSION (RE) CHARACTERISTICS
Erosion/scouring of the
river bed and side slopes
Bridge of the road adversely
affect the foundation of a
River bridge.
Road Mostly triggered by heavy
rainfall.
Attack part Collapsed/collapsible
Water Directional Flow materials are residual
soils and highly weathered
rocks.
Over Flow A considerable portion of
river bank is attack by
river flow resulting to
Debris Flow bank scouring/erosion.
Deposit
Damaged structure and
volume of debris and
sediments deposits on a
Damaged
Structure
river bed and along the
River Bed road indicates the
area/section of over flow.
 CHARACTERISTICS
COASTAL EROSION
(CE)
Erosion/scouring of the
sea bed and side slopes
ROAD of the road adversely
affect the foundation of a
seawalls;
Grouted Rip-rap
Mostly triggered
tsunamis/ heavy rainfall;
Collapsed/collapsible
materials are residual
soils and embankment
materials e.g. grouted
rip-rap;
Attack by river wave
action resulting to
coastal bed
scouring/erosion; and
Damaged structure and
volume of debris and
sediments deposits along
the coast/sea bed and on
the road indicates the
 STAGES ACTIVITIES

Study on History of Disaster

Preparation
Import of basic road
information from RBIA

Preliminary Assessment of disasters

Inventory Survey probability for each slope
Selection of slopes for DIS
Detailed Risk Assessment
Inventory Survey Planning Countermeasure
Alternatives
Preliminary Feasibility
Study
Data Entry to RSMS Creation of Database for
Road Slope Disaster

Risk Assessment on Road

Database Application Slope Disasters
 Outline of Inventory
Survey
Major Activities Expected Output
Phase I

Preliminary Inventory Identified Critical

Survey Sections/ Disaster Sites
(332 km of National
Highways)

Detailed Inventory Survey Pre- Feasibility Study

(50km out of the 332 km)
Phase II

Feasibility Study Risk Management Plan

(Around 5 Sites) for Selected Sites

Database
DatabaseSystem
System
 Surveys objective, forms and inputs
items
Stage Objective Inventory form Inputs items
Preliminary Inventory Survey Detailed in

Screening of Sheet-1 General - Location information

the high- Information - Photographs
risk sections Sheet-2 - FRCDa
which will Selection of - Disturbance
be included detailed - FRCDp
in DIS inventory survey - Evaluation result
sections

Countermea Sheet-3 -Front view sketches

sure Sketches -Cross section
alternative Sheet-4 -Countermeasure layout
planning. planning of and costs
Preliminary
FLOW CHART START
OF

PIS CHECK ON PAST RCD

FRCDa
=> 0.10 Y

NO
CHECK VISIBLE Continue the Survey
DISTURBANCE

PRESENT Y

Continue the Survey

CHECK ON FRCDp

NO
FRCDp
=> 0.10 Y
NO
TO BE SELECTED AS A DIS SECTION
END
 Methodology/Approac
h
1. Preparation and reproduction of survey forms and other
documents shall be made in advance before the scheduled
date of surveys;
2. Advance coordination with the concerned DPWH
Regional/District Offices for the said activity shall be
observed;
3. The road sections that will be subjected to preliminary
inventory surveys will be divided into five (5) Survey
Teams and each team will be lead by a trained engineer
(regular counterpart);
4. One Survey Team will consists of Group Leader (C.O.
Counterpart) and Members (RO/DEO Representatives);
5. Data encoding shall be carried-out (in the field) just after
the completion of daily undertakings to prevent missing of
data/information;
6. All the data/information gathered shall be
checked/concurred by the Office in Charge (concerned
DEO);
7. Daily accomplishment of each team on field and in office
will be monitored by the Vice Team Leader of the Local
Counterpart Team; and
8. Each team will be required to submit Weekly
Accomplishment Report (WAR) and will be submitted to
the Team Leader of Local Counterpart for
Identify the location of PIS section
in advance of Field inspection

Management of
progress

See Figure 2.3.2(4)

 Collapse
Collapse

SAMPLE Record on the Road Map

SKETCH 1. PIS section
2. Disaster Type of PIS section
ON THE 3. Selection results for DIS
Residual soil
ROAD MAPS
Colluvial deposit

Km265+397

Selected for Detailed Inventory Survey

Km264+252
SC
SC
SC
RF
SCRS

DF RS
SC
SC
SC Km265+208
RS SC
RF
Km265+094
SC RF RS
RS
DF Km264+616
SC
Km264+502
RS
Selected for Detailed Inventory Survey

Km264+252
Identify the location of PIS section in the Field
 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR PHASE II OF PRELIMINARY INVENTORY SURVEY

Length(km) RESPONSIBLE LOCAL COUNTERPART PERSONNEL

Region Route Offfice in Charge Section(Km)
Plan Suveyed Remains P. Galvez E. Atillano S. Auxtero O. Laddran M. Tolentino GJ. Atienza
Baguio City DEO 241 - 244 3 1 2 2
Kennon Road
Benget 1st DEO 214 - 241 27 2 25 6 6 6
Baguio-Bontoc Road Benget 2nd DEO 263 - 341 78 5 73 15 15 15
CAR
Lagawe-Banaue Road Ifugao DEO 301 - 333 32 2 30 7 7 7
Baguio-Nueva Viscaya -Aritao Road Benget 1st DEO 255 - 317 62 0 0
Sub Total 202 10 130
Dalton Pass Nuveve-Viscaya DEO 223 - 233 10 2 8 5 5 5
II
Sub Total 10 2 8
Cebu City DEO 5 - 30 25 3 22 7 7
Cebu-Balamban Trancetral Road
Cebu 3rd DEO 30 - 42 12 0 12 5 5
VII
Ginalitan-Alegria Road Cebu 5th DEO 143 - 179 24 9 15 9
Sub Total 61 12 49
Wright-Taff Road Samar 3rd DEO 829 - 856 27 2 25 7 7 7
Leyte 6th DEO 990 - 1003 13 5 8 4 4 4
VIII Mahaplag-Sogod Road
Leyte South DEO 1003 - 1016 13 0 13 5 5 5
Sub Total 53 7 46
Misamis-Oriental Bukidon Agusan Road Bukidnon 3rd DEO 1428 - 1463 35 0 35 7 7 7
X Bukidnon-Davao City Road Bukidnon 2nd DEO 1563 - 1565 2 0 2 3
Sub Total 37 0 37
Davao-Cotabato Road Davao-Desal DEO 1525 - 1729 30 0 30 6 6 6
XI
Sub Total 30 0 30
TOTAL 331 31 300 37 39 37 37 37 37
 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR PHASE II OF PRELIMINARY INVENTORY SURVEY
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES FOR THE PRELIMINARY INVENTORY SURVEY
Length(km) Responsible Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06
Region Route Offfice in Charge Section(Km)
Plan Suveyed Remains Person (LC) Wk-1 Wk-2 Wk-3 Wk-4 Wk-1 Wk-2 Wk-3 Wk-4 Wk-1 Wk-2 Wk-3 Wk-4
Baguio City DEO 241 - 244 3 1 2 E. Atillano
E. Atillano
Kennon Road
Benget 1st DEO 214 - 241 27 2 25 P. Galvez
S. Auxtero
O. Laddran, Jr.
Baguio-Bontoc Road Benget 2nd DEO 263 - 341 78 5 73 M. Tolentino, Jr.
CAR GJ. Atienza
E. Atillano
Lagawe-Banaue Road Ifugao DEO 301 - 333 32 2 30 P. Galvez
S. Auxtero
Baguio-Nueva Viscaya -Aritao Road Benget 1st DEO 255 - 317 62 0 0
Sub Total 202 10 130
E. Atillano
Dalton Pass Nuveve-Viscaya DEO 223 - 233 10 2 8 P. Galvez
II S. Auxtero
Sub Total 10 2 8
P. Galvez
Cebu City DEO 5 - 30 25 3 22
Cebu-Balamban Trancetral Road S. Auxtero

VII Cebu 3rd DEO 30 - 42 12 0 12 P. Galvez

S. Auxtero
Ginalitan-Alegria Road Cebu 5th DEO 143 - 179 24 9 15 E. Atillano
Sub Total 61 12 49
O. Laddran, Jr.
Wright-Taff Road Samar 3rd DEO 829 - 856 27 2 25 M. Tolentino, Jr.
GJ. Atienza
O. Laddran, Jr.
Leyte 6th DEO 990 - 1003 13 5 8 M. Tolentino, Jr.
VIII
Mahaplag-Sogod Road GJ. Atienza
O. Laddran, Jr.
Leyte South DEO 1003 - 1016 13 0 13 M. Tolentino, Jr.
GJ. Atienza
Sub Total 53 7 46
E. Atillano
Misamis-Oriental Bukidon Agusan Road Bukidnon 3rd DEO 1428 - 1463 35 0 35 P. Galvez
X S. Auxtero
Bukidnon-Davao City Road Bukidnon 2nd DEO 1563 - 1565 2 0 2 E. Atillano
Sub Total 37 0 37
O. Laddran, Jr.
Davao-Cotabato Road Davao-Desal DEO 1525 - 1729 30 0 30 M. Tolentino, Jr.
XI
GJ. Atienza
Sub Total 30 0 30
TOTAL 331 31 300
 Sheet 3
FLOW CHART OF DETAILED INVENTORY SURVEY

Geometry & Hazard Cond. START

Sheet 4
Sketches
Countermeasure Layout
And Cost Estimate FIELD INSPECTION

Planning of Alt.
Countermeasures
Sheet 5
INDICATIVE
Disaster Frequency & Magnitude FEASIBLITY
Annual Losses ASSESSMENT
Cost Benefit

RSMS
Database

UTILIZATION FOR PLANNING

OF RISK MANAGEMENT ON RSD
Flow of Selection Detailed Inventory Survey
Section
I. Sites of Occurrence of Past Selection I
Disasters

II. Visible Deformation

(Slopes/Roads) Selection II

Evaluate Items Causing Road

Disaster
-Geometry, -
Geological/Hydrological Condition,
- Surface Condition, e.t.c.
III.Final Investigation and
Assessment on the Potential Selection III
FRCD
Major Output of Detailed Inventory Survey
1. Disaster Magnitude;
2. Annual Economic Loss;
3. Cost of Countermeasure
Alternatives
- permanent preventive works
- mitigation plan to control
disaster occurrence; and
4. Evaluation
 (1) Inventory Survey
CHECK
(2) RSMS Database Formulation

ACTIO (3) Update/Modification of RSMS

N Procedure

PLAN (4) Risk Management Planning

DO (5) Implementation of Project/

Risk Avoidance Management

PCDA Cycle for RSMS

 Three Guides for Management on Road
Disaster
Guide I 1. Procedure of risk management
planning
Risk 2. Operation/Utilization of RSMS
Management System
Planning 3. Risk management system

Guide II 1. Evaluation of Potential Road Closure

disasters (FRCDp)
Inventory survey 2. Alternative countermeasure planning
& Risk and cost estimation
Assessment 3. Indicative feasibility assessment

Guide III 1. Countermeasure options for each

disaster type
Design of 2. Temporary treatment method
Countermeasure 3. Examples of countermeasures
 Application of the 3-Guide
for RSMS
APPLICATION OF GUIDES MAJOR ACTIVITIES

Guide I Inventory Survey

Risk Management
Planning

Guide II
Inventory Survey &
Risk Assessment

Guide III
Countermeasure
Planning
 Information & Planning Service
Communication DPWH-CO
Technology
RSM
N
RBIA
Program
Y Decision
Policy
Policy
Planning
Excel File
Excel File

Road Inventory
Road Map Excel File

Data Query
ROs DEOs
Inventory Data
RSMS
Excel File
Excel File
Excel File

Information Flow by Excel File

 FINAL
1.
OUPUTS:
Identified RSD Sites;
2. Enhanced capability and technical-know how;
3. Trained 45 ROs/DEOs field engineers;
4. Two (2) engineers trained in Japan;
5. Manual/Technical Guides were established;
> Guide I Guide to Risk Management Planning
> Guide II-Guide to Inventory Surveys/Risk Assessment
> Guide III-Guide to Road Slope Protection
6. Road Slope Management System (RSMS) formulated;
7. FS on five (5) pilot road slope/sites;
8. Estimated Socio-Economic Loss due to Road Slope
Disasters; and
9. Recommendations on Road Slope Disaster Management
 END OF
PRESENTATION