Chapter 3:

Data Modeling

Introduction

An Overview of Databases
Steps in Developing a Database Using
Resources, Events and Agents Model

Normalization

Chapter
3-1
 Introduction

Uses of a modern AIS

Systematically record data

Provide convenient and useful formats

Easy access to information

Chapter
3-2
 What is a Database?

Collection of organized data

Used by many different computer

applications

Manipulated by database management

systems (DBMS)
Chapter
3-3
 Significance of a
Database

Critical information
Volume
Distribution
Privacy
Irreplaceable data
Need for accuracy
Internet uses
Chapter
3-4
Storing Data in Databases

Data must be stored and organized

systematically

Three important concepts:

Data hierarchy
Record structures
Database keys

Chapter
3-5
 Data Hierarchy

Data organization in ascending order:

Data field
Record
File
Database

Chapter
3-6
 Record Structures

Data fields in each record of a database table

Structure is usually fixed
Example

Chapter
3-7
 Database Keys

Primary Key
Unique to each record

Foreign Keys
Enable referencing of one or more records
Matches primary key of related table

Chapter
3-8
Records Combined Into
Report

Chapter
3-9
Additional Database Issues

Administration
Database Administrator

Documentation
Includesa variety of descriptions
Structures, Contents, Security Features
Data Dictionary
Metadata
Chapter
3-10
Data Dictionary Example

Chapter
3-11
Additional Database Issues

Data Integrity
Data Integrity controls
Designed by database developers

Processing Accuracy and Completeness

Transaction controls
Ensures accurate transaction processing

Chapter
3-12
Additional Database Issues

Concurrency
Concurrency controls
Prevent multi-user access at same time

Backup and Security

Abilityto recreate data
Prevent unauthorized access
View controls
Chapter
3-13
 Study Break #1

The part of the data hierarchy that represents one instance of

an entity is a:

A. Field
B. Record
C. File
D. Database

Chapter
3-14
 Study Break #1 - Answer

The part of the data hierarchy that represents one instance of

an entity is a:

A. Field
B. Record
C. File
D. Database

Chapter
3-15
 Study Break #2

Within the context of databases, the term concurrency refers

to the possibility that:

A. A customer of one store might also be a customer of another

store
B. Two database users might want to access the same record at
the same time
C. A credit entry for a customer requires a debit entry for a
matching account
D. None of these
Chapter
3-16
 Study Break #2 - Answer

Within the context of databases, the term concurrency refers

to the possibility that:

A. A customer of one store might also be a customer of another

store
B. Two database users might want to access the same record at
the same time
C. A credit entry for a customer requires a debit entry for a
matching account
D. None of these
Chapter
3-17
 REA Model

Resources
Organizations assets
Events
Activities associated with a business processes
Agents
People associated with business activities

Chapter
3-18
 Steps in Developing
Databases with REA

Identify Business and Economic Events

Identify Entities

Identify Relationships Among Entities

Chapter
3-19
 Steps in Developing
Databases with REA

Create Entity-Relationship Diagrams

Identify Attributes of Entities

Convert E-R Diagrams into Database Tables

Chapter
3-20
 Identify Events and
Entities

Types of Events
Business
Economic

Types of Database Entities

Entities
Agents
Resources

Chapter
3-21
Entity Examples

Chapter
3-22
 Identify Relationships
Among Entities

Types of Relationships
Direct relationship
Indirect relationship

Cardinalities
Nature of relationships among entities

Chapter
3-23
 Cardinality Relationships

Notations
One-to-one (1:1)
One-to-many (1:N)
Many-to-many (N:N)

Purpose
Occurrence of one entity
Associated with occurrence of one event of another entity

Chapter
3-24
Cardinality Relationships

Chapter
3-25
 Entity-Relationship
Diagram

Purpose
Diagram entities
Relationships among entities

Structure
Rectanglesrepresent entities
Connecting lines represent relationships

Chapter
3-26
E-R Diagram Example

Chapter
3-27
 Relationship Tables

Provide greater flexibility

Need for Relationship Tables

Linkingtables with foreign keys
Many-to-many relationships

Chapter
3-28
Relationship Tables

Chapter
3-29
Schematic of Database
Tables

Chapter
3-30
 Study Break #3

In the REA model, the A stands for:

A. Agents
B. Additions
C. Accounts
D. Associations

Chapter
3-31
 Study Break #3 - Answer

In the REA model, the A stands for:

A. Agents
B. Additions
C. Accounts
D. Associations

Chapter
3-32
 Study Break #4

Which of these is not a cardinality between two database

entities?

A. One-to-one
B. None-to-none
C. One-to-many
D. Many-to-many

Chapter
3-33
 Study Break #4 - Answer

Which of these is not a cardinality between two database

entities?

A. One-to-one
B. None-to-none
C. One-to-many
D. Many-to-many

Chapter
3-34
 Normalization

Normalization
Methodology ensuring attributes are stored in most
appropriate tables
Design promotes accuracy
Avoids redundancy of data storage

Levels
First normal form
Second normal form
Third normal form
Chapter
3-35
Unnormalized Data

Chapter
3-36
 First Normal Form

In First Normal Form (1 NF) when:

Alldata fields are singular
Each attribute has one value

Problems
Data redundancy
Insertion anomaly
Deletion anomaly
Chapter
3-37
First Normal Form
Example

Chapter
3-38
 Second Normal Form

In Second Normal Form (2 NF) when:

Itis in 1 NF
All data items depend on primary record key

Benefits
More efficientdesign
Eliminates data redundancy

Chapter
3-39
Second Normal Form
Example

Chapter
3-40
 Third Normal Form

In Third Normal Form (3 NF) when:

Itis in 2 NF
Does not contain transitive dependencies
Data field A does not determine data field B

Ultimate Goal
Create database in 3 NF
Chapter
3-41
Third Normal Form
Example

Chapter
3-42
 Study Break #5

A database is in third normal form (3NF) if it is second normal

form and:

A. All the data attributes in a record are well defined

B. All the data attributes in a record depend on the record key
C. The data contain to transitive dependencies
D. The data can be stored in two or more separate tables

Chapter
3-43
 Study Break #5 - Answer

A database is in third normal form (3NF) if it is second normal

form and:

A. All the data attributes in a record are well defined

B. All the data attributes in a record depend on the record key
C. The data contain to transitive dependencies
D. The data can be stored in two or more separate tables

Chapter
3-44
 Copyright

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the
express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser
may make backup copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors,
omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the
use of the information contained herein.

Chapter
3-45
Chapter 3

Chapter
3-46