STEADY ONEDIMENSIONAL

CONVECTION & DIFFUSION

d d d
u
dx dx dx

d u
0
dx
 x wp x pe

uw ue

w e
W P E

x we

uA e uA w A A
x e x w

uA e uA w 0
 &
F u D
x

Fw u w Fe u e

w e
Dw De
xwp x pE
Fee Fw w De E P Dw P w

Fe Fw 0
 THE CENTRAL
DIFFERENCING SCHEME

e P E / 2

w W P / 2
Fe
p E W P De E P Dw P W
Fw
2 2
 Fw Fe Fw Fe
Dw De
2 2 p Dw 2 W De 2 E

Fw Fe
Dw De Fe Fw p
2 2

Fw
Fe
Dw w De E
2 2

a p p aww aEE
 aw aE ap
Fw Fe
Dw
2
De a w a E Fe Fw
2
A property is transported by
means of convection and diffusion
through the one dimensional
domain sketched in Figure 5.2.
FOR END NODE A
e A
(e p ) (P A ) (u ) e (u ) A
xe x / 2

Fe
(e p ) FA A De (e p ) 2 DA (P A )
2

Fe Fe
e P FA A DEE De p 2 DAP 2 DA A
2 2
Grouping the above equation in the form

a pP aww aee s u

Fe Fe
( De 2 DA ) p 0 ( De )e FA A 2 DA A
2 2
Now we have to re arrange ap in the form

a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p

Let us add and subtract Fe / 2 and Fw in the term ap.

 Fe Fe Fe
a p D e 2 DA Fw Fw
2 2 2

Fe
a p 0 ( De ) ( Fe Fw ) [(2 DA Fw )]
2
The governing equation is
( 5.3 ), boundary conditions
are 0 = 1 at x = 0 and L

= 0 at x L. Using five equally

spaced cells and the central
differencing scheme for convection
and diffusion calculate the
distribution of as a function of x
Case 1:
u = 0.1 m / s,
Case 2:
u = 2.5 m / s, and compare the results with
the analytical Solution.

Case 3:
Recalculate the solution for u = 2.5 m / s
with 20 grid nodes and compare the results
with the analytical solution. The following
data apply: length L = 1.0 m.
= 1.0 kg / m3, = 0.1 kg / m / s
CENTRAL DIFFERENCE MET
H Ox D
A B
1 2 3 4 5
=1 =o

x=o W w P e E x=L
x x

NODE-A
Fe
P E FA A De E P D A P A
2
NODE-B
Fw
FB B P W DB B P Dw P w
2
 a p p aww a E E S u
a p aW a E Fe Fw S P

Node aw aE Sp Su
1 0 D-F/2 - ( 2D + F ) ( 2 D + F ) A

3 D+F/2 D-F/2 0 0

5 D+F/2 0 - ( 2D - F ) ( 2 D - F ) B
 2.7183 exp( x )
x
1.7183
1.0

0.8
Exact Solution

0.6

0.4
Numerical
0.2 Solution ( CD )

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Distance(m)
CASE 2
1 exp( 25 x )
x 1 10
7.20 x10
U = 2 . 5 m /s

Numerical Solution ( CD )

Exact Solution
1.0

0.8 Numerical Solution ( C D )

0.6
Exact Solution
0.4

0.2 U = 2 . 5 m /s

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Distance(m)
 PROPERTIES OF
DISCRETISATION SCHEMES

Conservativeness

Boundedness

Transportiveness
CONSERVATIVENESS
To ensure conservation of for
the whole solution domain the
flux of leaving a control volume
across a certain face must be
equal to the flux of entering the
adjacent control volume through
the same face.
CONSISTENT SPECIFICATION
OF DIFFUSIVE FLUXES

G r a d i e n t = ( 2 - 2 ) / x
1
3
2

4

qA 1 qB
2 3 4

x / 2 x x x x / 2


2 1 q



3 2 2 1
e1 x
A e2 x
w2
x

4 3 3 2
e1 w1
x x

q B W 4
4 3 q q
x B A

INCONSISTENT SPECIFICATION
OF DIFFUSIVE FLUXES

Quadratic Gradient Gradient

function 1 of 2 of 2

1 Quadratic
function 2
2
3
4

q A
1 2 3 q B
4

x x x

x / 2 x / 2
 BOUNDEDNESS
Scarborough has shown that a sufficient
condition for a convergent iterative method can
be expressed in terms of the values of the
coefficients of the discretised equations.
anb 1 at all nodes
a' p < 1 at one node at least
Here ap is the net coefficient of the central node
P ( i.e. ap Sp ) and the summation in the
numerator is taken over all the neighbouring
 Diagonal dominance is a desirable feature

for satisfying the bounded ness criterion.

This states that in the absence of

sources the internal nodal values of

the property should be bounded by

its boundary values.

All coefficients of the discretised equations

should have the same sign ( usually all
positive )
T R AN S PO R T I V E N E S S
Pe = 0 Pe

P E
W

F u
Pe
D / x
Thus the value of at E is affected
only by upstream conditions and
since there is no diffusion E is equal
to P. It is very important that the
relationship between the magnitude
of the Peclet number and the
directionality of influencing, known
as the transportiveness, is borne out
in the discretisation scheme.
INTERNAL COEFFICIENTS OF
DISCRETISED SCALAR
TRANSPORT

aw aE aP
Fw Fe
Dw De a w a E ( Fe Fw )
2 2

Fe / De Pee 2
UPWIND DIFFERENCING
SCHEMEWHEN IS POSI
TIVE
w w E
P e

uw ue
W W e
E
P
xWw xwP xPe xeE
 w W & e P
FeP FwW De (E P ) Dw (P W )

( Dw De Fe )P ( Dw Fw )w DeE
DA
1 (9 p 8 A E )
x 3

( Dw FE )u De E
UPWIND DIFFERENCING
S C H E M E W H E N I S N E GA T I V E

e E
w w P

uw ue

e
E
W w P
xWw xwP xPe xeE
 w P & e E
Fe E Fw P De ( E P ) Dw ( P w )

[ Dw ( De Fe ) ( Fe Fw )]P Dww ( De Fe )E

a p p aww aE E

a p aw aE ( Fe Fw )
 aw aE
Fw > 0, Fe > 0 Dw + F w De

Fw < 0, Fe < 0 Dw De - F e

aw aE
Dw max( Fw ,0) De max(0, Fw )
 U PW I N D S O LU T I O N T O S AM E PR O B LE M

NODE1 : Fe P FA A De ( E P ) DA ( P A )

NODE 5 : FBP FwW DB (B P ) Dw (P w )

Node aw ae Sp Su
1 0 D - ( 2 D + F ) ( 2 D + F ) A

3 D+F D 0 0
4

5 D+F 0 -2D 2 D B
The governing equation is
( 5.3 ), boundary conditions
are 0 = 1 at x = 0 and L

= 0 at x = L. Using five equally

spaced cells and the central
differencing scheme for convection
and diffusion calculate the
distribution of as a function of x
Case 1:
u = 0.1 m / s,
Case 2:
u = 2.5 m / s, and compare the results with
the analytical Solution.

Case 3:
Recalculate the solution for u = 2.5 m / s
with 20 grid nodes and compare the results
with the analytical solution. The following
data apply: length L = 1.0 m.
= 1.0 kg / m3, = 0.1 kg / m / s
UPWIND DIFFERENCING
SCHEME
Node aw ae Sp Su
1 0 DF/2 - ( 2D + F ) ( 2D + F ) A

2,3,4 D+F/2 DF/2 0 0

5 D+F/2 0 - ( 2D - F ) ( 2D + F ) B

a p p aww aee S u

a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p
F = x U
= 1 x 0.1
= 0.1
D = / x
= 0.1 /0.2
= 0.5
FOR END NODE A
aw = 0
ae = 0.45
Sp = - 1.1
Su = 1 . 1 A
FOR INTERMEDIATE NODES

aw = 0 . 55
ae = 0 . 45
Sp = 0
Su = 0
a = 1
 FOR END NODE B
aw = 0 . 5 5
ae = 0
Sp = - 0 . 9
Su = 0 . 9 B
ap = aw +ae + ( Fe Fw ) -
ap p = a w w + a e e + Su

1 . 55 p = 0 + 0 . 4 5 e + 1 .1 A

1 p = 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 4 5 e

p = 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 4 5 e

p = 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 4 5 e

1.45 = 0.55 + 0.9

 1 = b1

1 = d1 / b1

i = bi - ( ai ci 1 / i -1 )

Ti = i - ( Ci Ti + 1 / i )

= (d - a ) /
 1 = 1.55
1 = 0.70
2 = 0.84
3 = 0.70
4 = 0. 65
 5 = 1.06
2 = 0.45
3 = 0.35
4 = 0.29
T 5 = 5

T 5 = 0.150
T 4 = 0.39
T 3 = 0.60
T 2 = 0.77
 1
1.195

0.77
2

3
= 0.60

0.39
4
0.150

UPWIND DIFFERENCING
S C H E M E ( U = 2.5 m /s )
Node aw ae Sp Su
1 0 DF/2 - ( 2D + F ) ( 2D + F ) A

2,3,4 D+F/2 DF/2 0 0

5 D+F/2 0 - ( 2D - F ) ( 2D + F ) B

a p p aww aee S u

a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p
ap p = aw w + a e e + S u

ap = aw + ae +( Fe Fw ) Sp

F = x u

= 2.5 m / s

D = / dx

= 0.5
 FOR END NODE A
aw = 0
ae = D F / 2
= - 0.75
Sp = - ( 2D + F )
= - 3.5
Su = 3 . 5 A
FOR INTERMEDIATE NODES
aw = D + F / 2
= 1.75
Qe = D - F / 2
= - 0.75
Sp = 0
 FOR END NODE B
aw = D + F / 2
= 1.75
ae = 0
Sp = -(2D - F)
= 1.5
Su = ( 2D F ) B

= - 1.5 B
ap p = a w w + a e e + Su

2 . 7 5 p = - 0 . 7 5 e + 3 . 5 A

p = 1 . 7 5 w - 0 . 7 5 e

p = 1 . 7 5 w - 0 . 7 5 e

p = 1 . 7 5 w - 0 . 7 5 e

0.25 = 1.75 - 1.5

 1 = b1

1 = d1 / b1

i = bi - ( ai ci 1 / i -1 )

Ti = i - ( Ci Ti + 1 / i )

= (d - a ) /
 1 = 2 . 7 5
1 = 1 . 2 7
2 = 1 . 4 8
3 = 1 . 8 8
4 = 1 . 6 9
 2 = 1.50
3 = 1.40
4 = 1.45
5 = 2.48
T 5 = 5 = 2.48
T 4 = 0.349
T 3 = 1.260
T 2 = 0.86
T 1 = 1.035
 1
1.035

0.86
2

3 = 1.260

0.349
4
2.48

 NUMERICAL RESULTS &

ANALYTICA L SOLUTION

1.0
U 0.1 m / s
0.8

0.6

0.4 Exact Solution

0.2
Numerical Solution ( UD )
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
 NUMERICAL RESULTS &
ANALYTICA L SOLUTION

1.2 U=2.5m/s
1.0
0.8
0.6 Numerical Solution ( UD )
0.4
Exact Solution
0.2
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Distance ( m )
 FLOW DOMAIN FOR THE
ILLUSTRATION OF FALSE DIFFUSION

= 100 X = 100

= 0
V=2m/s

X
=0
U=2m/s
HYBRID DIFFERENCING
SCHEME

Fw ( u ) w
Pew
Dw w / xWP

1 2 1 2
qw Fw 1 W 1 P
2 Pe w 2 Pe w

for 2 Pe 2
 q w Fw Aw w for
Pe 2
q w Fw Aw P for
Pe 2

a P P a w w a E E

aP aw aE ( Fe Fw )
 aw aE
Fw Fe
max Fw, Dw ,0 max Fe , De ,0
2 2

FeP FA A 0 DA (P A )

FBP Fww DB (B P ) 0
 a P P aww a E E S u
aP aw aE ( Fe Fw ) S p

Node aw ae Sp Su
1 0 0 - ( 2 D + F ) ( 2 D + F ) A

3 F 0 0 0
4

5 F 0 -2D 2 D B
 0.0

0.8 Numerical Solution

( Hybrid, 5 cells )

0.6 Numerical Solution

( Hybrid, 25 cells )
0.4
Exact Solution
0.2 U 2.5 m /s

0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Distance ( m )
 aPP aww aEE ass aNN aBB arr )
a P aw a E as a N a B aT F
One dimensional Two - Three
flow dimensional flow dimensional flow
F
aw
F F
max Fw , Dw w ,0 max Fw , Dw w ,0 max Fw , Dw w ,0
2
2
2

aE
F F F
max Fe , Dw e ,0 max Fe , De e ,0 max Fe , De e ,0
2
2 2

as F
max Fs , Ds s ,0
F
max Fs , Ds s ,0
2
2
F
aN F
max Fn , Dn n ,0
max Fn , Dn n ,0
2

-
2

F
aB

max Fb , Db b ,0
2
-
ar
F
max Ft , Dt t ,0
2

F Fe Fw Fe Fw Fn Fs Fe Fw Fn Fs Ft Fb
Face w e s n b t

F u w Aw u A
e e
v s As v n An w b Ab w t At

w e s n b t
D Aw Ae As An Ab At
xWP x PE y SP y PN z PN z PT
POWER LAW SCHEME
qw Fw [w w (P w )] for 0 Pe 10
W = ( 1 0.1 Pew ) 5
/ Pew
q w Fw w for Pe>10
aP aw aE ( Fe Fw )
aw aE

Dw max O, (1 0.1 / Pew /) max[ Fw ,0]
5
De max O, (1 0.1 / Pee /) 5 max[ Fe ,0]
QUADRATIC PROFILES USED
IN THE QUICK SCHEME

W p e E
EE
WW
w

WW W w P e E EE
 6 3 1
face i 1 i i 2
8 8 8

6 3 1
w W p WW
8 8 8
6 3 1
e p E W
8 8 8

6 3 1 6 3 1
Fe 8 P 8 E 8 W Fw 8 W 8 P 8 WW

De (E p ) Dw ( p w )
 3 6 6 1
Dw 8 Fw De 8 Fe p Dw 8 Fw 8 Fe W

3 1
De Fe E FwWW
8 8

aPP aww aEE awwww

aw aE aww ap
6 1 3 1
Dw Fw Fe De Fe Fe a w a E a ww ( Fe Fw )
8 8 8 8
 6 3 1
w P W E
8 8 8
6 3 1
e E p EE
8 8 8

aw aE aEE ap
3 6 1 1
Dw Fw De Fe FW Fe a w a E a EE ( Fe Fw )
8 8 8 8

aPP aww aE E aWW WW aEE EE

aP aw aE aWW aEE ( Fe Fw )
 aw aE aE aEE
6 1
Dw w Fw e Fe 3 6
8 8 De e Fe (1 e ) Fe
1 8 8 1
w Fw (1 e ) Fe
3 8 1 8
(1 w ) Fw (1 w ) Fw
8 8

w = 1 for Fw > 0 and = 1 for Fe > 0

e

w = 0 for Fw < 0 and = 0 for Fe < 0

e
MIRROR NODE TREATMENT
AT THE BOUNDARY

A
0

x / 2 x / 2

0 P
Mirror Domain Node 1
Node Boundary
 o 2 A p
6 3 1
e p E (2 A p )
8 8 8
7 3 2
e p E A
8 8 8

DA
1 (9 p 8 A E )
x 3
 7 3 2 DA
Fe p E A FA A De (E p ) (9 p 8 A E )
8 8 8 3

DB
B (8 B 9 P w )
x 3

6 3 1
FB B Fw w p ww
8 8 8

DB
(8 B 9 p w ) Dw ( p w )
3
 6 3 1 7 3 2
Fe p E w Fw w p A
8 8 8 8 8 8

De ( E p ) Dw ( p w )

a p p awwww aww aEE Su

a p aww aw aE ( Fe Fw ) S p
The governing equation is
( 5.3 ), boundary conditions
are 0 = 1 at x = 0 and L

= 0 at x = L. Using five equally

spaced cells and the central
differencing scheme for convection
and diffusion calculate the
distribution of as a function of x
Case 1:
u = 0.1 m / s,
Case 2:
u = 2.5 m / s, and compare the results with
the analytical Solution.

Case 3:
Recalculate the solution for u = 2.5 m / s
with 20 grid nodes and compare the results
with the analytical solution. The following
data apply: length L = 1.0 m.
= 1.0 kg / m3, = 0.1 kg / m / s
 HYBRID SCHEME
x

A B
1 2 3 4 5
=1 =o

x=o W w P e E x=L

x x
 a P P aww a E E S u
aP aw aE ( Fe Fw ) S p

Node aw ae Sp Su
1 0 0 - ( 2 D + F ) ( 2 D + F ) A

3 F 0 0 0
4

5 F 0 -2D 2 D B
Fe p FA A 0 D A ( p A )

FB p Fww DB ( B p ) 0

a p p aww aee Su

a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p
F = xu
= 2.5
D = / dx
= 0.5
Pe = u/ ( / x)
= 5
 If Pe > 2, Hybrid
Scheme uses
Upwind Expression
for Convection term
& Set Diffusion
Term to Zero
NODE-1
Fe p FA A 0 D A ( p A )
NODE-5
FB p Fww DB ( B p ) 0

a p p aww aee Su

a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p
 3.5
3.5 0 0 0 0 1

=
2

-2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3
0
0 -2.5 2.5 0 0 0
4
0 0 -2.5 2.5 0 0
5
0 0 0 -2.5 3.5
1 d1
b1 C1 0 0 0

=
2 d2

a2 b2 c2 0 0 3 d3

0 a3 b3 c3 0 4 d4
0 0 a4 b4 c4 5 d5
 1 = b1

1 = d1 / b1

i = bi - ( ai ci 1 / i -1 )

Ti = i - ( Ci Ti + 1 / i )

= (d - a ) /
 1 = 3.5
1 = 1
2 = 2.5
= 2.5
 4 = 2.5
5 = 3.5
2 = 1
3 = 1
4 = 1
T5 = 0.71428
T4 = 1
T3 = 1
T2 = 1
 1
1

1
2

3 = 1

1
4
0 . 7143