Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Modal Analysis
Module 2
Modal Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
A. Define modal analysis and its purpose.
DYNAMICS 8.1
What is modal analysis?
DYNAMICS 8.1
Benefits of modal analysis
DYNAMICS 8.1
General equation of motion:
M u C u K u F t
Assume free vibrations and ignore damping:
M u K u 0
Assume harmonic motion ( i.e. u U sin(t ) )
K M u 0
2
The roots of this equation are i2, the eigenvalues, where i ranges
from 1 to number of DOF. Corresponding vectors are {u}i, the
eigenvectors.
DYNAMICS 8.1
The square roots of the eigenvalues are i , the structures natural
circular frequencies (radians/sec). Natural frequencies fi are then
calculated as fi = i/2cycles/sec. It is the natural frequencies fi
that are input by the user and output by ANSYS.
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode Extraction is the term used to describe the calculation of
eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
DYNAMICS 8.1
Several mode extraction methods are available in ANSYS:
Block Lanczos (default)
Subspace
PowerDynamics
Reduced
Unsymmetric
Damped (full)
QR Damped
DYNAMICS 8.1
The Block Lanczos method is recommended for most
applications.
Efficient extraction of large number of modes (40+) in most models
Typically used in complex models with mixture of
solids/shells/beams etc.
Efficient extraction of modes in a frequency range
Handles rigid-body modes well
DYNAMICS 8.1
When extracting a small number of modes (<40) in similar size
models, the subspace method can be more suitable.
Requires relatively less memory but large diskspace
May have convergence problems when rigid body modes are present.
Not recommended when constraint equations are present.
Generally superseded by Block Lanczos
DYNAMICS 8.1
For large (100K+ DOF) models and a small number of modes
(< 20), use the PowerDynamics method. It can be
significantly faster than Block Lanczos or Subspace, but:
Requires large amount of memory.
May not converge with poorly shaped elements or an ill-conditioned
matrix.
May miss modes (No Sturm sequence check)
Recommended only as a last resort for large models.
DYNAMICS 8.1
For models in which lumping mass does not create a local
oscillation, typically beams and spars, use the Reduced method.
Memory and disk requirements are low.
In general fastest eigen solver
Employs matrix reduction, a technique to reduce the size of [K] and
[M] by selecting a subset of DOF called master DOF.
Reduction of [K] is exact but [M] loses some accuracy
Accuracy of [M] depends on number and location of master DOF.
Generally not recommended due to
Expertise required in picking master DOF
Efficient alternatives such as Block Lanczos
reduced cost of hardware
DYNAMICS 8.1
The unsymmetric method is used for acoustics (with structural
coupling) and other such applications with unsymmetric [K] and [M].
Calculates complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
Real part is the natural frequency.
Imaginary part indicates stability - negative means stable, positive
means unstable.
DYNAMICS 8.1
Damping is normally ignored in a modal analysis, but if its effects
are significant, the Damped method is used.
Typical application is rotor dynamics, where gyroscopic damping
effects are important.
Two ANSYS elements, BEAM4 and PIPE16, allow gyroscopic effects to
be specified in the form of real constant SPIN (rotational speed,
radians/time).
Calculates complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
Imaginary part is the natural frequency.
Real part indicates stability - negative means stable, positive
means unstable.
DYNAMICS 8.1
A second mode extraction method that considers damping effects
is the Q-R Damped method.
Faster and more stable than the existing Damped Solver
Works with poorly conditioned models
All forms of damping allowed including damper elements
Combines the best features of the real eigensolution method (Block
Lanczos) and the Complex Hessenberg method (QR Algorithm)
Outputs complex eigenvalues ( frequency and stability) and damping
ratio of each mode
Supports the use of a material dependent damping ratio [MP,DMPR] in
a subsequent mode superposition harmonic analysis
DYNAMICS 8.1
MODOPT,QRDAMP,NMODE
DYNAMICS 8.1
Comparison Demonstrating the Superior Solution Performance
of the QR Damped Mode Extraction Method
FEA Model Characteristics:
111,129 active dofs
10 damped modes
Alpha, Beta and Element damping
160000
140000
120000
100000
CPU (sec)
80000 ELAPSE (sec)
60000
40000
20000
0
QRDAMP DAMP
July 22, 2004
Inventory #002110
2-17
Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Summary for symmetric, undamped solvers Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Extraction Linear Solver
Remarks
method Used
Block Lanczos Sparse Matrix Recommended for most applications; Most stable;
Stable but slow; Requires large disk space; Has
Subspace Frontal Solver difficulty with constraint equations / rigid body
modes
Same as subspace but with PCG solver; Can
handle very large models; Lumped mass only; May
Powerdynamics PCG solver
miss modes; Modes cannot be used in
subsequent spectrum and PSD analyses
In general fastest; Accuracy depends on Master
DOF selection; Limitations similar to Subspace;
Reduced Frontal Solver
Not recommended due to expertise required in
selecting Master DOF.
DYNAMICS 8.1
Four main steps in a modal analysis:
Review results
DYNAMICS 8.1
Remember density!
DYNAMICS 8.1
Build the model
Other options*
*Discussed next
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode extraction options
defaults to 1e8
July 22, 2004
Inventory #002110
2-22
Modal Analysis Procedure
Choose Analysis Type & Options Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Normalization of mode shapes:
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode expansion:
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode expansion (continued):
DYNAMICS 8.1
Other analysis options:
Lumped mass matrix
Mainly used for slender beams and thin shells, or for wave
propagation problems.
Automatically chosen for PowerDynamics method.
Pre-stress effects
For Pre-stressed modal analysis (discussed later).
Full damping
Used only if Damped mode extraction method is chosen.
Damping ratio, alpha damping, and beta damping are allowed.
BEAM4 and PIPE16 also allow gyroscopic damping.
QR damping
All types of damping are allowed.
DYNAMICS 8.1
Build the model
DYNAMICS 8.1
Displacement constraints:
Apply as necessary, to simulate actual fixity.
Rigid body modes will be calculated in directions not constrained.
Non-zero displacements are not allowed.
DYNAMICS 8.1
Displacement constraints (continued):
Full Model
Symmetry BC Anti-Symmetry BC
DYNAMICS 8.1
Displacement constraints (continued):
For the plate-with-hole model, the lowest non-zero mode for the full and
the quarter-symmetry case is shown below. The 53-Hz mode was missed
by the anti-symmetry case because ROTX is non-zero along the symmetry
boundaries.
DYNAMICS 8.1
Solve:
DYNAMICS 8.1
Build the model
DYNAMICS 8.1
Listing natural frequencies:
DYNAMICS 8.1
Viewing mode shapes:
DYNAMICS 8.1
Viewing mode shapes (continued):
You can also animate the mode shape: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls >
Animate > Mode Shape...
DYNAMICS 8.1
Participation Factors:
Also printed out (to the output file) is the effective mass. Ideally the
sum of the effective masses in each direction should equal total
mass of structure
DYNAMICS 8.1
Modal stresses:
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode shapes
normalized to
unity
DYNAMICS 8.1
Build the model
Review results
DYNAMICS 8.1
This workshop consists of two problems: