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Firefighting
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 1
This session will cover a range of topics about
fire behaviour
Fire tetrahedron
Combustion
Click icon
to add Classes of fire
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 2
Upon completion of this session you will be
able to
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 3
The fire tetrahedron includes four components
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 4
Combustion is a chemical reaction that gives
off light and heat
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 5
Amount of pyrolysis taking place increases as
temperature increases
At the right temperature and mixtures with air, and in the presence
of an ignition source, flammable gases given off through pyrolysis
will ignite.
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 6
Amount of heat required for ignition is
dependent on the type of flammable vapour
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 7
For a given substance there is a range of
temperatures at which ignition will occur
Flashpoint
Lowest temperature at which a substance produces enough vapour to ignite and burn
when an ignition source is applied, but will stop when the source is removed.
Firepoint
Lowest temperature at which a substance gives off enough vapour to ignite upon
application of an ignition source, and continues to burn when the source is removed.
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 8
For a given substance there are a range of
temperatures at which ignition will occur
Auto-ignition temperature
Minimum temperature required to cause self-sustained combustion in any substance
in the absence of a spark or flame.
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 9
There are four phases of combustion
Incipient Decomposition occurs at the surface of the fuel due to the influence of some
form of heat.
(initial) Products given off at this stage are invisible to the eye.
Heat Heat is transferred to the atmosphere and nearby fuel by the processes of
convection, conduction, radiation, direct burning
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 10
Demonstration of the phases of combustion
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 11
Amount of heat required for ignition is
dependent on the type of flammable fuel
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 12
Fire gases are products of combustion and
can act as asphyxiants
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 13
Incomplete combustion produces smoke
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 14
There are four ways in which heat is
transferred in a structure fire
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 15
Radiant heat, convection, conduction and
direct burning impact fire behaviour
Radiant heat
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 16
Radiant heat, convection, conduction and
direct burning impact fire behaviour
Convection
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 17
Radiant heat, convection, conduction and
direct burning impact fire behaviour
Conduction
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 18
Radiant heat, convection, conduction and
direct burning impact fire behaviour
Direct burning
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 19
There are four stages to the development of a
structure fire
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 20
There are six classes of fire
Class A Class D
Involve wood and paper, Involve combustible
cloth, rubber and plastics metals such as
magnesium, aluminium,
Class B sodium and potassium
Involve flammable liquids
such as petrol, kerosene, Class E
oil, tar, paint and wax Involve energised
electrical equipment
Class C
Involve combustible gases Class F
such as LPG, butane and Involve cooking oils and
propane fats
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 21
In summary there are a range of influences on
fire behaviour
Questions?
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 22
Structural
Firefighting
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 23
This session will cover a range of topics about
proceeding to a fire
Responding to a fire
Route considerations
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 24
This session will cover a range of topics about
proceeding to a fire
Siting of appliances
Size-up
RECEO
SPADRA
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 25
Upon completion of this session you will be
able to
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 26
SPADRA should be applied by all firefighters
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 27
Responding to a structure fire has processes
and decision points
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 28
Appropriate structural PPC and PPE is
required
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 29
Appropriate structural PPC and PPE is
required
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 30
When responding CFA members must comply
with
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 31
There are factors to consider when
determining the most effective route
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 32
The Crew Leader will consider where
appliances are sited
Considerations include:
firefighter safety
likelihood of structural collapse (including
building type and height)
minimising traffic risk (fend off)
effectiveness of pumping operations
access to water supplies
access to structures
access to equipment
access and egress for other emergency vehicles
protection from weather conditions (uphill,
upwind).
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 33
Size-up is a critical step in operational
planning
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 34
Size-up enables the Incident Controller to
determine appropriate strategies and tactics
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 35
A number of factors should be considered in
size-up
Factors include:
Pre-plans
Resources available
Crew competencies
Location of the emergency
Time of day
Type of incident
Hazards and risks
Unauthorised personnel
Presence of hazardous materials
Structure, construction and layout
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 36
A number of factors should be considered in
size-up
Factors include:
Fire behaviour
Stages of fire development
Potential for rapid fire progress
Potential for structural collapse
Access to the seat of the fire
Weather conditions
Water supply
Onsite information
And many more
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 37
A number of factors are involved in size-up
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 38
RECEO is used to assist firefighters prioritise
tactical activities
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 39
In summary there are a range of factors to
consider when proceeding to a fire
Questions?
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 40
Structural
Firefighting
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 41
This session will cover a range of topics about
building types and materials
Building materials
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 42
This session will cover a range of topics about
building types and materials
Structural collapse
Access methods
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 43
Upon completion of this session you will be
able to
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 44
Building legislation control design and
construction of buildings
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 45
Fire resistance and stability is incorporated
into building design
A building is required to be
constructed so that it is protected
from fire in adjacent buildings.
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 46
Fire resistance and stability is incorporated
into building design
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 47
Material used in construction is designed to
provide a level of protection
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 48
Compartmentation and separation of a
building are designed for fire safety
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 49
Access and egress provide paths for safe
entry and exit
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 50
Services and equipment for fire protection are
required under Building Regulations
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 51
Special use buildings are mainly designed for
entertainment purposes
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 52
A range of materials are used in building
construction
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 53
Masonry units are generally used in walls
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 54
Concrete is usually made from a combination
of materials
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 55
Precast concrete wall panels are referred to
as tilt slabs
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 56
Prefabricated floor truss systems have
reduced timber dimensions
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 57
Asbestos may be present in some buildings
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 58
Steel is used in construction in a variety of
ways
Steel structures are more likely to fail when the steel temperature
is increased.
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 59
Timber/wood has good properties for building
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 60
Plasterboards come in a range of different
forms
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 61
Two types of plastic are used in building
construction
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 62
Polystyrene is becoming more common as an
energy conserving building material
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 63
Buildings are classed according to their
purpose
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 64
Common types of buildings exist throughout
Victoria
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 65
Structural collapse can occur during a fire
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 66
Firefighters can see signs of structural
collapse
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 67
Firefighter safety must be given priority over
fire suppression
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 68
Procedures should be considered when
gaining entry to a structure
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 69
CFA Act Section 30 provides for forced entry
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 70
Access to a buildings roof may be required
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 71
There are a range of other risks in the
urban environment
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 72
In summary, building types and construction
materials should be considered
Questions?
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 73
Structural
Firefighting
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 74
This session will cover a range of topics about
urban fires and their risks
Structure fires
Electrical fires
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 75
Upon completion of this session you will be
able to
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 76
Firefighters will encounter many risks when
responding to a structure fire
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 77
Urban fires are not limited to permanent
structures
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 78
Urban fires are not limited to permanent
structures
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 79
Urban fires are not limited to permanent
structures
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 80
Urban fires are not limited to permanent
structures
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 81
Electrical fires are not limited to power poles
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 82
Risks associated with the presence of
hazardous materials should be considered
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 83
In summary there are a range of risks to
consider with urban fires
Questions?
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 84
Structural
Firefighting
Session 5:
Extinguishment mediums
and equipment
Edition 1, October 2014
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 85
This session will cover a range of topics about
extinguishment mediums and equipment
Objectives of extinguishment
Firefighting mediums
Click icon
to add
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 86
Upon completion of this session you will be
able to
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 87
A range of extinguishing mediums are used for
each class of fire
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 88
Water is particularly effective on Class A fires
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 89
Foam is a mass of bubbles which float on the
surface of burning fuel
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 90
Class A foam is used to lower the surface
tension of water
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 91
Class B foam can be effective in structural
firefighting
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 92
There are two common types of extinguishing
powders
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 93
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odourless,
tasteless and colourless gas
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 94
Vaporising liquids are most effective on Class
A and E fires
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 95
Wet chemical is a water-based solution
designed to extinguish Class F fires
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 96
Dry sand, earth and fire blankets can be used
for extinguishing fires
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 97
Application of extinguishing agents can
impact the environment
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 98
A range of equipment is used for structural
firefighting
Practical Demonstration
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 99
Portable fire extinguishers have several
features in common
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 100
There are six categories of portable fire
extinguishers
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 101
Extinguishers have a red body with a coloured
band
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 102
Extinguishers have a red body with a coloured
band
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 103
Extinguishers have a red body with a coloured
band
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 104
Extinguishers have a red body with a coloured
band
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 105
Extinguishers have a red body with a coloured
band
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 106
Extinguishers have a red body with a coloured
band
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 107
Most extinguishers are operated by a squeeze-
grip mechanism
To operate an extinguisher
1. Check the pressure indicator
2. Carry it by the handle to the fire
3. Remove the pull pin, anti-tamper seal or safety pin
4. Hold the discharge hose, nozzle or wand in one
hand
5. For a stored pressure type, briefly squeeze the
handle to pre-test extinguisher
6. Operate the extinguisher in a sweeping motion
with the discharging stream directed at the base of
the fire
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 108
In summary there is a range of extinguishing
mediums and equipment
Questions?
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 109