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Power Flow-2

The equations to be solved for power


flow Pkcalculated - Pkspecified 0
Qkcalculated - Qkspecified 0
N
V k Vj G kj Cos( k - j ) B kjSin( k - j ) - Pkspecified 0
j 1
(1)
N
V k Vj G kjSin ( k - j ) B kj Cos( k - j ) - Qkspecified 0
j 1

(1)Contains 2N - N G 1 nonlinear equations with similar numbe

They can be solved by Newton_Raphson Method


How to solve a set of nonlinear
equations
First look at linear equations

2 x1 3x2 5
4 x1 1x2 8

Ax b x (A)-1 b

2 3 x1 5
x
8
4 1 2

x1 1 1 3 5





x 2 2 12 4 2 8
x1 1.9



x 2 0.4

Nonlinear equations

f ( x) x 5 x 4 0.0
2

Taylor Series
f ( x 0 x 0 ) 0
f ( x 0
) 1 2
f ( x 0
)
f ( x x ) f ( x )
0 0 0
x
0
( x ) 0
0 2

x 2 x 2
f ( x 0
) 1 2
f ( x 0
)
f ( x x ) f ( x )
0 0 0
x
0
( x ) 0
0 2

x 2 x 2

Neglecting second order


terms 0
f ( x ) 0
f ( x x ) f ( x )
0 0 0
x 0
x
f ( x 0
) 0
f (x )
0
x 0
x
f ( x 0 ) 0
x f ( x 0 )
x
f ( x 0 ) 0
x f ( x 0 )
x

f ( x 0
)
x ' 0
0

f x

x (1) x (0) x (0)

x x
(1) (0) f (x0 )
f ' x0

x ( j 1)
x
( j) f (x ( j) )
f ' x ( j)
For Multi-Dimensional
Case f1 ( x1 , , x n ) 0

f (x)

f n ( x1 , , x n ) 0
x1 x1
x x
2 2
x x


xn xn

0 0
0 0 f1 ( x1 ) 0 1 f1 ( x1 ) 2
0 2
f1 ( x1 x1 ) f1 ( x )
0
x1 ( x1 ) 0
x1 2 x1 2




0 0
0 0 f n ( x n ) 0 1 f n ( x n ) 2
0 2
f n ( x n x n ) f n ( x )
0
x1 ( x n ) 0
x n 2 x n 2

0 ' 0 0
0
f (x x )
0
f ( x ) f ( x ) x 0

' 0 0 0
f ( x ) x f ( x )
' 0 0 0
f ( x ) x f ( x )

0 0
J x f ( x )

f 1
f 1
x 2 f 1
x1 x n


f n f n f n
x1 x 2 x n

0 0
x [J] f ( x ) -1
(1) (0) (0)
x x x

(1) ( 0) 0
x x [J]-1 f ( x )

(i 1) (i ) (i )
x x [J] f ( x ) -1

(i ) (i )
[J] x f (x )
Exampl 2
e f ( x
1 1 2, x ) 2 x1 x1 x 2 x1 2 0
2
f 2 ( x1 , x 2 ) x1 x 2 0

f 1 f 1
x1 x 2 4 x1 x 2 1 x1
J
f 2 f 2
2x1 1
x1 x 2

0 0
( x1 , x 2 ) (0.9,1.1)
Guess
4 x1 x 2 1 x1 3.7 0.9
0 0
J( x1 , x2 )
2x1 1 1.8 1
at ( x10 0.9; x 2 0 1.1)
1 1 1 0.9 0.18797 0.1690
j
5.32 1.8 3.7
0.6955
0.3380

(1) ( 0) 0
x x [J] f ( x )
-1

x1(1) 0.9 0.18797 0.1690 0.29 1.0036


(1)

x2 1.1 0. 3380 0. 6955
0.29 0.9964
2
f1 ( x1 , x2 ) 2 x1 x1 x 2 x1 2 0
Actual solution 2
(1,1) f 2 ( x1 , x2 ) x1 x 2 0
Stopping at ( x10 0.9; x 2 0 1.1)

Criteria
x max x i
Power Flow Solution
Pkcalculated - Pkspecified 0
Qkcalculated - Qkspecified 0
N 1
Vk Vj G kjCos( k - j ) B kjSin( k - j ) - Pkspecified 0
N

j 1

Vk Vj G kjSin( k - j ) B kjCos( k - j ) - Qkspecified 0


N
N NG
j 1

f1 ( x) V1 Vj G1jCos(1 - j ) B1jSin(1 - j ) - P1specified 0


N

j 1

N 1
f N 1 ( x) VN -1 Vj G N -1, jCos( N -1 - j ) B N -1, jSin( N -1 - j ) - P(N -1)specified 0
N

j 1
Vk Vj G kjSin( k - j ) B kjCos( k - j ) - Qkspecified 0
N
N NG
j 1

f N (x) VN Vj G NjSin( N - j ) B NjCos( N - j ) - Q Nspecified 0


N

j 1


f U (x) VU Vj G UjSin( U - j ) B UjCos( U - j ) - QUspecified 0
N

j 1

Where U= 2N-NG-1
f ( x) 0
f1 ( x) P2cal - P2spec P2







f N 1 ( x) PNcal - PNspec PN


0
f N ( x) Q - Q Q (N 1)
(N g 1)cal (N g 1)spec
g





f ( x)
U Ncal
Q - Q Nspec Q N
x1 2
x
2 3



N
x N 1
x (1)
V

x N V(N g 1)





xU V
N
f1 ( x) P2 (x) - P2 P2





f N 1 ( x) PN (x)- PN PN

0
( 2)
f N ( x) Q (N 1) (x) - Q (N 1) Q (N 1)
g g
g






f ( x)
U Q N (x)- Q N Q N
Where:

Pk Vk Vj G kjCos( k - j ) B kjSin( k - j )
N
(3)
j 1

i 2,....N

Qk Vk Vj G kjSin( k - j ) B kjCos( k - j )
N
(4)
j 1

i N g 1,....N
N
f1 ( x) P2 ( x) P2 V2 Vk (G2 k Cos ( 2 k ) B2 k Sin( 2 k ))
k 1
.
.
.
N
f 2 N NG 1 ( x) QN ( x) QN VN Vk (G2 k Sin( N k ) Bik Cos ( N k ))
k 1
f1 ( x)
P2 ( x) P2 P2 ( x)
x x x

The jacobian Form



P ( x ) ........... P2 ( x) P2 ( x) ........... P2 ( x)

2
VNG 1 V
2 N N

.

.

PN ( x) ........... PN ( x) PN ( x) .......... PN ( x)
2 N VNG 1 VN
J
Q ( x) ........... Q ( x)

NG 1



N G 1 VNG 1

QNG 1 ( x) ...........
VN

QNG 1 ( x)
2 N

.

.

QN ( x) ........... QN ( x) QN ( x) ........... QN ( x)
2 N VNG 1 VN

2 P ( x ) ........... P2 ( x) P2 ( x) ........... P2 ( x )
N VNG 1 VN
2

.

. J11 J12


N P ( x ) ........... PN ( x) PN ( x) .......... PN ( x)
2 N VNG 1 VN


J


QNG 1 ( x) ...........
QNG 1 ( x)
QNG 1 ( x ) ........... QNG 1 ( x)
2 N VNG 1 VN

.
21 22
. J J

QN ( x) ........... QN ( x) QN ( x) ........... QN ( x)
2 N VNG 1 VN

J 11
J 12

J 21 22
J J
(N- 1)X(N- (N- 1)X(N-
(2N- NG -1)X(2N- NG 1) NG)
-1)
J 11
J
12

J 21 22
J J
(N- NG )X(N-
(N- NG )X(N- NG)
1)

P P
V

J
Q Q

V

Five Bus Example
( x) ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 ) ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , V2 , V3 )
T
Finding the elements of the jacobian
Matrix
N
f1 ( x) P2 ( x) P2 V2 Vk (G2 k Cos ( 2 k ) B2 k Sin( 2 k )) P2
k 1

.
.
.

N
f 2 N NG 1 ( x ) QN ( x ) QN VN Vk (G2 k Sin( N k ) Bik Cos ( N k )) QN
k 1

f1 ( x) 2
P2 ( x) P2 P2 ( x)
x x x 3
4
11 Non Diagonal Elements ( )
P
J ik .
11
J = .
J 11 Diagonal Elements
ii N
N
P2 ( x) V2 Vk (G2 k Cos ( 2 k ) B2 k Sin( 2 k ))
k 1


2 P ( x ) ........... P2 ( x)
N
2

1 1 .
J
PN ( x) ........... PN ( x)
2 N

Pi
J ik 11
k
N
Pi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
k 1

= Vi V1 (Gi1Cos (i 1 ) Bi1Sin(i 1 )) Vi V2 (Gi 2Cos (i 2 ) Bi 2 Sin( i 2 )) .....


+ Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k )) ..... Vi VN (GiN Cos (i N ) BiN Sin (i N ))

Pi
J ik11
k k
Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))

Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k )*(1) Bik Cos (i k )*(1))


Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos(i k ))

J ik11 Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))


N
Pi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Cos(i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
k 1

= Vi V1 (Gi1Cos(i 1 ) Bi1Sin(i 1 )) Vi V2 (Gi 2Cos(i 2 ) Bi 2 Sin(i 2 )) .....


+ Vi Vk (Gik Cos(i k ) Bik Sin(i k )) ..... Vi VN (GiN Cos(i N ) BiN Sin(i N ))

Pi
J 11

i
ii

Vi V1 (Gi1Cos (i 1 ) Bi1Sin( i 1 )) Vi V2 (Gi 2Cos (i 2 ) Bi 2 Sin (i 2 )) .....


Pi ( x)
+ Vi Vk (Gik Cos(i k ) Bik Sin( i k )) ..... Vi Vi (GiiCos(i i ) Bii Sin(i i )).......
i i
Vi VN (GiN Cos (i N ) BiN Sin(i N ))
Vi V1 (Gi1Cos (i 1 ) Bi1Sin(i 1 )) Vi V2 (Gi 2Cos (i 2 ) Bi 2 Sin(i 2 )) .....
2

+ Vi Vk (Gik Cos(i k ) Bik Sin( i k )) ..... Vi (Gii ).......
i
V V (G Cos ( ) B Sin ( ))
i N iN i N iN i N

Vi V1 (Gi1Sin(i 1 ) Bi1Cos(i 1 )) Vi V2 ( Gi 2 Sin(i 2 ) Bi 2Cos ( i 2 )) .....


+ Vi Vk ( Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos(i k )) ..... Vi VN ( GiN Sin(i N ) BiN Cos(i N )
Pi ( x)
Vi V1 (Gi1Sin(i 1 ) Bi1Cos (i 1 )) Vi V2 (Gi 2 Sin(i 2 ) Bi 2Cos (i 2 )) .....
i
+ Vi Vk ( Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) ..... Vi VN ( GiN Sin(i N ) BiN Cos (i N )

In the above expression there is no term that corresponds to


i=k
The above expression is - Qi , without the term for i=k.
N
Qi ( x ) Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k 1
2
for i k ; Qi ( x ) Vi (Gii Sin ( i i ) Bii Cos ( i i ))
2
Vi Bii

V
2
Qi ( x ) i Vk (Gik Sin (i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) Vi Bii
k i
k 1
N
Qi ( x ) Vi Vk (Gik Sin (i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) Vi
2
Bii
k i
k 1
(2
N )
Vi Vk (Gik Sin( i k ) Bik Cos ( i k )) Qi ( x ) Vi
2
Bii
k i
k 1
Pi N (3
J 11
Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) )
i
ii
k i
k 1

From
(2)
Pi N
Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) Qi ( x) Vi Bii
2
J 11

i
ii
k i
k 1

Pi (4
J ik 11 Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) )
k

Pi 2 (5
J 11
Qi ( x ) Vi Bii )
i
ii
Similarly one can derive other matrix J12 J21 J22
elements for
N
Pi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
k 1

= Vi V1 (Gi1Cos(i 1 ) Bi1Sin(i 1 )) Vi V2 (Gi 2Cos (i 2 ) Bi 2 Sin(i 2 )) .....


2
+ Vi Vk (Gik Cos(i k ) Bik Sin(i k )) ..... Vi (Gii ) .... Vi VN (GiN Cos (i N ) BiN Sin(i N ))

Pi (5
J ik 12
Vi (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin( i k )) )
Vk

Pi Pi
J ii 12
Gii Vi (6
Vi Vi )
N
Qi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k 1

= Vi V1 (Gi1Sin(i 1 ) Bi1Cos (i 1 )) Vi V2 (Gi 2 Sin(i 2 ) Bi 2Cos ( i 2 )) ..


2
+ Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) ... Vi Bii ..... Vi VN (GiN Sin(i N ) BiN Cos (i N ))

Qi (7
J ik 21 Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
k )

Qi 2 (8
J ii 21
Pi ( x ) Gii Vi )
i
N
Qi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k 1

= Vi V1 (Gi1Sin(i 1 ) Bi1Cos (i 1 )) Vi V2 (Gi 2 Sin(i 2 ) Bi 2Cos ( i 2 )) ..


2
+ Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) ... Vi Bii ..... Vi VN (GiN Sin(i N ) BiN Cos (i N ))

Qi (8
J ik 22
Vi (Gik Sin( i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) )
Vk

(9
Qi Q ( x) )
J ii 22 i Bii Vi
Vi Vi

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