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2 x1 3x2 5
4 x1 1x2 8
Ax b x (A)-1 b
2 3 x1 5
x
8
4 1 2
x1 1 1 3 5
x 2 2 12 4 2 8
x1 1.9
x 2 0.4
Nonlinear equations
f ( x) x 5 x 4 0.0
2
Taylor Series
f ( x 0 x 0 ) 0
f ( x 0
) 1 2
f ( x 0
)
f ( x x ) f ( x )
0 0 0
x
0
( x ) 0
0 2
x 2 x 2
f ( x 0
) 1 2
f ( x 0
)
f ( x x ) f ( x )
0 0 0
x
0
( x ) 0
0 2
x 2 x 2
f ( x 0
)
x ' 0
0
f x
x x
(1) (0) f (x0 )
f ' x0
x ( j 1)
x
( j) f (x ( j) )
f ' x ( j)
For Multi-Dimensional
Case f1 ( x1 , , x n ) 0
f (x)
f n ( x1 , , x n ) 0
x1 x1
x x
2 2
x x
xn xn
0 0
0 0 f1 ( x1 ) 0 1 f1 ( x1 ) 2
0 2
f1 ( x1 x1 ) f1 ( x )
0
x1 ( x1 ) 0
x1 2 x1 2
0 0
0 0 f n ( x n ) 0 1 f n ( x n ) 2
0 2
f n ( x n x n ) f n ( x )
0
x1 ( x n ) 0
x n 2 x n 2
0 ' 0 0
0
f (x x )
0
f ( x ) f ( x ) x 0
' 0 0 0
f ( x ) x f ( x )
' 0 0 0
f ( x ) x f ( x )
0 0
J x f ( x )
f 1
f 1
x 2 f 1
x1 x n
f n f n f n
x1 x 2 x n
0 0
x [J] f ( x ) -1
(1) (0) (0)
x x x
(1) ( 0) 0
x x [J]-1 f ( x )
(i 1) (i ) (i )
x x [J] f ( x ) -1
(i ) (i )
[J] x f (x )
Exampl 2
e f ( x
1 1 2, x ) 2 x1 x1 x 2 x1 2 0
2
f 2 ( x1 , x 2 ) x1 x 2 0
f 1 f 1
x1 x 2 4 x1 x 2 1 x1
J
f 2 f 2
2x1 1
x1 x 2
0 0
( x1 , x 2 ) (0.9,1.1)
Guess
4 x1 x 2 1 x1 3.7 0.9
0 0
J( x1 , x2 )
2x1 1 1.8 1
at ( x10 0.9; x 2 0 1.1)
1 1 1 0.9 0.18797 0.1690
j
5.32 1.8 3.7
0.6955
0.3380
(1) ( 0) 0
x x [J] f ( x )
-1
(1)
x2 1.1 0. 3380 0. 6955
0.29 0.9964
2
f1 ( x1 , x2 ) 2 x1 x1 x 2 x1 2 0
Actual solution 2
(1,1) f 2 ( x1 , x2 ) x1 x 2 0
Stopping at ( x10 0.9; x 2 0 1.1)
Criteria
x max x i
Power Flow Solution
Pkcalculated - Pkspecified 0
Qkcalculated - Qkspecified 0
N 1
Vk Vj G kjCos( k - j ) B kjSin( k - j ) - Pkspecified 0
N
j 1
j 1
N 1
f N 1 ( x) VN -1 Vj G N -1, jCos( N -1 - j ) B N -1, jSin( N -1 - j ) - P(N -1)specified 0
N
j 1
Vk Vj G kjSin( k - j ) B kjCos( k - j ) - Qkspecified 0
N
N NG
j 1
j 1
f U (x) VU Vj G UjSin( U - j ) B UjCos( U - j ) - QUspecified 0
N
j 1
Where U= 2N-NG-1
f ( x) 0
f1 ( x) P2cal - P2spec P2
f N 1 ( x) PNcal - PNspec PN
0
f N ( x) Q - Q Q (N 1)
(N g 1)cal (N g 1)spec
g
f ( x)
U Ncal
Q - Q Nspec Q N
x1 2
x
2 3
N
x N 1
x (1)
V
x N V(N g 1)
xU V
N
f1 ( x) P2 (x) - P2 P2
f N 1 ( x) PN (x)- PN PN
0
( 2)
f N ( x) Q (N 1) (x) - Q (N 1) Q (N 1)
g g
g
f ( x)
U Q N (x)- Q N Q N
Where:
Pk Vk Vj G kjCos( k - j ) B kjSin( k - j )
N
(3)
j 1
i 2,....N
Qk Vk Vj G kjSin( k - j ) B kjCos( k - j )
N
(4)
j 1
i N g 1,....N
N
f1 ( x) P2 ( x) P2 V2 Vk (G2 k Cos ( 2 k ) B2 k Sin( 2 k ))
k 1
.
.
.
N
f 2 N NG 1 ( x) QN ( x) QN VN Vk (G2 k Sin( N k ) Bik Cos ( N k ))
k 1
f1 ( x)
P2 ( x) P2 P2 ( x)
x x x
J 11
J 12
J 21 22
J J
(N- 1)X(N- (N- 1)X(N-
(2N- NG -1)X(2N- NG 1) NG)
-1)
J 11
J
12
J 21 22
J J
(N- NG )X(N-
(N- NG )X(N- NG)
1)
P P
V
J
Q Q
V
Five Bus Example
( x) ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 ) ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , V2 , V3 )
T
Finding the elements of the jacobian
Matrix
N
f1 ( x) P2 ( x) P2 V2 Vk (G2 k Cos ( 2 k ) B2 k Sin( 2 k )) P2
k 1
.
.
.
N
f 2 N NG 1 ( x ) QN ( x ) QN VN Vk (G2 k Sin( N k ) Bik Cos ( N k )) QN
k 1
f1 ( x) 2
P2 ( x) P2 P2 ( x)
x x x 3
4
11 Non Diagonal Elements ( )
P
J ik .
11
J = .
J 11 Diagonal Elements
ii N
N
P2 ( x) V2 Vk (G2 k Cos ( 2 k ) B2 k Sin( 2 k ))
k 1
2 P ( x ) ........... P2 ( x)
N
2
1 1 .
J
PN ( x) ........... PN ( x)
2 N
Pi
J ik 11
k
N
Pi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
k 1
Pi
J ik11
k k
Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
Pi
J 11
i
ii
V
2
Qi ( x ) i Vk (Gik Sin (i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) Vi Bii
k i
k 1
N
Qi ( x ) Vi Vk (Gik Sin (i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) Vi
2
Bii
k i
k 1
(2
N )
Vi Vk (Gik Sin( i k ) Bik Cos ( i k )) Qi ( x ) Vi
2
Bii
k i
k 1
Pi N (3
J 11
Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) )
i
ii
k i
k 1
From
(2)
Pi N
Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) Qi ( x) Vi Bii
2
J 11
i
ii
k i
k 1
Pi (4
J ik 11 Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) )
k
Pi 2 (5
J 11
Qi ( x ) Vi Bii )
i
ii
Similarly one can derive other matrix J12 J21 J22
elements for
N
Pi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
k 1
Pi (5
J ik 12
Vi (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin( i k )) )
Vk
Pi Pi
J ii 12
Gii Vi (6
Vi Vi )
N
Qi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k 1
Qi (7
J ik 21 Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
k )
Qi 2 (8
J ii 21
Pi ( x ) Gii Vi )
i
N
Qi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k 1
Qi (8
J ik 22
Vi (Gik Sin( i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) )
Vk
(9
Qi Q ( x) )
J ii 22 i Bii Vi
Vi Vi