Lecture 22

Lecture 22 - Biaxial
Columns Design
July 30, 2003
RC 444
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27/04/17 wood4657@gmail.com 1
Lecture Goals
Short Column Biaxial Design
Slender Column Design
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Biaxial Bending and Axial
Load
Ref. PCA Notes on ACI 318-95
Unaxial bending
about y-axis
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Biaxial Bending and Axial
Load
Ref. PCA Notes on ACI 318-95
The biaxial bending moments

Mx = P*ey
My = P*ex
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Approximate Analysis
Methods
Use Reciprocal Failure
surface S2 (1/Pn,ex,ey)
The ordinate 1/Pn on the
surface S2 is
approximated by
ordinate 1/Pn on the
plane S2 (1/Pn ex,ey)
Plane S2 is defined by
points A,B, and C.
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Methods
P0 = Axial Load Strength under pure axial compression
(corresponds to point C ) Mnx = Mny = 0
P0x = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, ey
(corresponds to point B ) Mnx = Pney
P0y = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, ex
(corresponds to point A ) Mny = Pnex
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Methods
Design: Pu Muy, Mux Pu, Puex, Puey
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Methods
1 1 1 1 1

Pn Pn P0x P0y P0
1
Pn
1 1 1

P0x P0y P0
Pn = Nominal axial load strength at eccentricities, ex
& ey Limited to cases when Pn 0.1 f c Ag
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Biaxial Bending in Short
Columns
Analysis Procedure: Reciprocal Load Method
Breslers Formula:
1 1 1 1

Pn P0x P0y P0
Steps:
1) Calculate P0
2) Calculate P0y ( Pn for e = ex, ey = 0 )
3)Calculate P0x ( Pn for ex= 0, e = ey )
4)
27/04/17
Calculate P n (from Breslers Formula )
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Biaxial Bending in Short
Columns
Pu Pn
where,
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Biaxial Column Example
The section of a short tied
column is 16 x 24 in. and is
reinforced with 8 #10 bars as
shown. Determine the
allowable ultimate load on
the section Pn if its acts at
ex = 8 in. and ey = 12 in. Use
fc = 5 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
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Compute the P0 load, compression with no moments
Ast 8 1.27 in 2 10.16 in 2
P0 0.85 f c Ag Ast Ast f y
0.85 5 ksi 24.0 in. 24.0 in. 10.16 in 2
10.16 in 2 60 ksi
2198.4 k
Pn0 rP0 0.8 2198.4 k 1758.7 k
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Compute Pnx, by starting with ey term and assume
that compression controls. Check by
2 2
ey 12 in. d 21.5 in. 14.33 in.
3 3
Compute the nominal load, Pnx and assume second

compression steel does not contribute
assume small
Pn Cc Cs1 Cs2 T
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The components of the equilibrium equation are:
Cc 0.85 5 ksi 16 in. 0.8c 54.4 c

Cs1 3.81 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 5 ksi 212.4 kips
T 3.81 in 2
fs
d 21.5 in.
fs 1 29000 ksi 0.003 1 87 ksi
c c
Use similar triangles to find the stress in the steel, fs
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Compute the moment about the tension steel:
1c
Pn e Cc d Cs1 d d
2
where
e 9.5 in. 12 in. 21.5 in.
Pn 21.5 in. 54.4c 21.5 in. 0.4c
212.4 k 21.5 in. 2.5 in.
The resulting equation is:
Pn 54.4c 1.01c 2 187.7

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Combine the two equations and solve for Pn using an
iterative solution
Pn 54.4c 212.4 3.81 f s
Pn 54.4c 1.01c 2 187.7
Set the two equation equal to one another and sole for fs
fs 0.265c 2 6.483
and the definition: 21.5 in.

fs 87 1
c
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Combine the two equations and solve for c using
an iterative technique
21.5 in.
87 1 0.265c 2 6.483
c
You are solving a cubic equation

c (in.) fs (ksi) RHS
15 37.7 66.12819
10 100.05 32.99194
13 56.88462 51.28315
13.3 53.6391 53.37471
13.315 53.48066
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Check the assumption that Cs2 is close to zero
12 in. 12 in.
f s2 1 87 ksi 1 87 ksi
c 13.315 in.
8.59 ksi
Cs2 2.54 in 2 8.59 ksi 0.85 5 ksi
11.0 kips
This value is small relative to the others

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This Cs2 = 11 kips relatively small verses the
overall load, which is
Pn 54.4c 212.4 3.81 f s

54.4 13.315 in. 212.4 k 3.81 53.48 ksi
733.0 k
So Pnx = 733.0 kips

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Start with ex term and assume that compression
controls.
2 2
ex 8.0 in. d 13.5 in. 9 in.
3 3
Compute the nominal load, Pny and assume second
compression steel does not contribute
assume small
Pn Cc Cs1 Cs2 T
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The components of the equilibrium equation are:
Cc 0.85 5 ksi 24 in. 0.8c 81.6 c

Cs1 3.81 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 5 ksi 212.4 kips
T 3.81 in 2 f s
d 13.5 in.
f s 1 29000 ksi 0.003 1 87 ksi
c c
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Compute the moment about the tension steel:
1c
Pn e Cc d Cs1 d d
2
where
e 5.5 in. 8 in. 13.5 in.
Pn 13.5 in. 81.6c 13.5 in. 0.4c
212.4 k 13.5 in. 2.5 in.
The resulting equation is:
Pn 81.6c 2.42c 2 173.07
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Combine the two equations and solve for Pn using an
iterative solution
Pn 81.6c 212.4 3.81 f s
Pn 81.6c 2.42c 2 173.07

Set the two equation equal to one another and sole for fs
fs 0.634c 2 10.324
and the definition: 13.5 in.

fs 87 1
c
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Combine the two equations and solve for c using an
iterative technique
13.5 in.
87 1 0.634c 2 10.324
c
You are solving a cubic equation

c (in.) fs (ksi) RHS
10 30.45 73.76371
8 59.8125 50.92531
8.5 51.17647 56.15911
8.3 54.50602 54.02753
8.31735 54.21084
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Check the assumption that Cs2 is close to zero
8 in.
fs2 1 87 ksi
8.317 in.
3.32 ksi
Cs2 2.54 in 2 3.32 ksi 0.85 5 ksi
2.10 kips
This value is negative so it does not contribute

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This Cs2= - 2.1 kips relatively small verses the
overall load, which is
Pn 81.6c 212.4 3.81 f s

81.6 8.317 in. 212.4 k 3.81 54.21 ksi
684.6 k
So Pnx = 684.6 kips

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Compute the nominal load
1 1 1 1

Pn Pnx Pny Pn0
1 1 1

733.0 k 684.6 k 1758.7 k
Pn 443.2 k Pu Pn 0.65 443.2 k 288.1 k
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Note: the Pnx & Pny include the
corner steel bars in both
calculations a more
conservative solution would be
to use 1/2 the steel in each
direction so As= 2(1.27 in2)
which would reduce Pu .
(Remember fs can not be
greater than 60 ksi, so that Pnx
= 620.3 k and Pny= 578.4 k Pn =
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360.7
27/04/17 k and Pu= 234.5 k)
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Slender Columns
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Columns
Slenderness ratio =
klu
r
Long with a relatively high slenderness
ratio where lateral or shear walls are
required
Long with a medium slenderness ration
that will cause a reduction in strength
Short where the slenderness ratio is small
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Long Columns
Slender Columns
Slender = Column with a significant reduction in

Column axial load capacity due to moments
resulting from lateral deflections of the
column (ACI Code: significant
reduction 5%)
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Long Columns
Less than 10 % of columns in braced or non-sway
frames and less than half of columns in unbraced or
sway frames would be classified as slender
following ACI Code Procedure.
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Effective Length
The effective length - klu
lu - It measures the clear distance between floors.
k - a factor, which represents the ratio of the distance
between points of zero moments in the columns
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K Factor
EI / l of columns
u
EI / l of beams
u
A andB are the top and bottom factors of the

column. For a hinged end is infinite or 10 and
for a fixed end is zero or 1
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K Factor
For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)
k 0.70 0.05 A B 1.0

k smaller of
k 0.85 0.05 min 1.0
A andB are the top and bottom factors of the

column.
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K Factor
For a Sway Frame:
a) Restrained @both ends
20 m
if m avg 2.0 : k 1 m
20
if m 2.0 : k 0.9 1 m
b) One hinged or free end
k 2.0 0.3
Non-sway frames: 0 k 1.0
Sway frames:
27/04/17
1.0 k
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typically k=1.5 36
K Factor
The general assumptions are
- Structure consists of symmetric rectangular frames
- The girder moment at a joint is distributed to columns
according to their relative stiffness
- All columns reach their critical loads at the same time
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General Formulation
Modulus of Elasticity
Ec 33w 1.5
fc
57000 f c
Reinforced Moment (ACI 10.11.1)
I 0.35 I g for a beam
I 0.70 I g for a column
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General Formulation
Area
A Ag
Moment of inertia shall be divided by (1 + d)
with sustain lateral loads
Max. factored sustain lateral load

d =
Max. factored axial load
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K Factor
Use the values to
obtain the K factors
for the columns.
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Long Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
Lateral deflection -
increases moment
M = P*( e + )
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Long Column
o = first-order deflection due to Mo

a = second-order deflection due to Po
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Long Column
OA - curve for end moment

OB - curve for maximum
column moment @ mid-
height)
Axial capacity is reduced
from A to B due to increase
in maximum moment due to
s (slenderness effects)
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Long Columns
From ACI Sec. 12.10.2 , the slenderness effects may
be neglected if
kLu M
34 12 1

r M2
slenderness ratio
k = effective length factor (function of end restraints)

Non-sway frames 0.5 k 1.0
Sway frames 1.0 k
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Long Column -
Slenderness
Slenderness Ratio for
Ratio
columns
(a) Pinned-Pinned
Connection
(b) Fixed-Fixed
Connection
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Long Column -
Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns
(c) Fixed-Pinned
Connection
(d) Partial restrained
Connection
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Long Column -
Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames
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Long Column -
Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames
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Long Column
lu = Unsupported height of column from top of
floor to bottom of beams or slab in floor
I
r = Radius of gyration
A
= 0.3* overall depth of rectangular columns
= 0.25* overall depth of circular columns
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Long Column
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends, where
M2 > M1 (-1 to 1 range)
M1 M1
0 0
M2 M2
double curvature
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Long Columns
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends
where M2 > M1 (-1.0 to 1.0 range)
- single curvature
- double curvature
M1
0.5
M2 is typically conservative

(non-sway frames)
and k 1.0
M1/M2 -0.5 non-sway frames
Note Code (10.12.2)wood4657@yahoo.es
Long Column
M1
0.5
M2 is typically conservative non - sway frames
and k 1.0
M1
Note: Code 10.12.2 0.5 (non-sway frames)
M2
klu
Possible range of = 22 to 40
r
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Moment Magnification
in Non-sway Frames
If the slenderness effects need to be considered. The
non-sway magnification factor, ns, will cause an
increase in the magnitude of the design moment.
M c ns M 2
where
Cm
ns 1.0
Pu
1
0.75 Pc
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in Non-sway Frames
The components of the equation for an Euler bucking
load for pin-end column
EI 2
Pc
klu
2
and the stiffness, EI is taken as

0.2 Ec I g Es I se 0.4 Ec I g
EI
{ EI
1 d conservatively 1 d
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Moment Magnification in
Non-sway Frames
A coefficient factor relating the actual moment
diagram to the equivalent uniform moment diagram.
For members without transverse loads
M 1
Cm 0.6 0.4 0.4
M 2
For other conditions, such as members with transverse
loads between supports, Cm = 1.0
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in Non-sway Frames
The minimum allowable value of M2 is
M 2,min Pu 0.6 0.03h
The sway frame uses a similar technique, see the text

on the components.
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
A rectangular braced column of a multistory frame
building has floor height lu =25 ft. It is subjected to
service dead-load moments M2= 3500 k-in. on top and
M1=2500 k-in. at the bottom. The service live load
moments are 80% of the dead-load moments. The
column carries a service axial dead-load PD = 200 k
and a service axial live-load PL = 350 k. Design the
cross section size and reinforcement for this column.
Given A = 1.3 and B = 0.9. Use a d=2.5 in. cover
with an sustain load = 50 % and fc = 7 ksi and fy = 60
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ksi.
Example
Compute the factored loads and moments are 80% of
the dead loads
Pu 1.2 PD 1.6 PL 1.2 200 k 1.6 350 k
800 k
M 1u 1.2 M D 1.6 M L 1.2 2500 k-in 1.6 0.8 2500 k-in
6200 k-in.
M 2u 1.2M D 1.6 M L 1.2 3500 k-in 1.6 0.8 3500 k-in
8680 k-in.
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Example
Compute the k value for the braced compression
members
k 0.7 0.05 A B 0.7 0.05 1.3 0.9
0.81 1.0
k 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.05 0.9
0.895 1.0
Therefore, use k = 0.81
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Example
Check to see if slenderness is going to matter. An
initial estimate of the size of the column will be an inch
for every foot of height. So h = 25 in.
kln 0.81 25 ft 12 in./ft

32.4
r 0.3 25 in.
6200 k-in.
32.4 34 12 25.43
8680 k-in.
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Example
So slenderness must be considered. Since frame has
no side sway, M2 = M2ns, s =0 Minimum M2
M 2,min Pu 0.6 0.03h 800 k 0.6 0.03 25 in.

1080 k-in. M 2 8680 k-in.
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Example
Compute components of concrete
f c 33 150
1.5
Ec 33w 1.5
7000
5.07x106 psi 5.07x103 ksi
The moment of inertia is

25 in. 25 in.
3 3
bh
Ig
12 12
32552 in 4
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Example
Compute the stiffness
0.4 Ec I g 0.4 5.07x103 ksi 32552 in 4

EI
1 d 1 0.5
4.4x10 k-in 7 2
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Example
The critical load is
EI
2 2 4.4x107 k-in 2
Pc
klu
2 2
12 in.
0.81 25 ft ft

7354.3 k
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Example
Compute the coefficient
M 1
Cm 0.6 0.4
M 2
6200 k-in.
0.6 0.4 0.89 0.4
8680 k-in.
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Example
The magnification factor
Cm 0.89
ns
Pu 800 k
1 1
0.75 Pc 0.75 7354.3 k
1.04 1.0
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Example
The design moment is
M c ns M 2 1.04 8680 k-in. 9027.2 k-in.
Therefore the design conditions are
Pc 800 k & M c 9027.2 k-in.

9027.2 k-in.
e 11.28 in.
800 k
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Example
Assume that the = 2.0 % or 0.020
As 0.02 25 in. 12.5 in

2 2
Use 14 # 9 bars or 14 in2
As 7.0 in 2
Acs 7.0 in 2
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Example
The column is compression controlled so c/d > 0.6.
Check the values for c/d = 0.6
c 0.6d 0.6 22.5 in. 13.5 in.

a 1c 0.7 13.5 in. 9.45 in.
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Example
Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.
c d 13.5 in. 2.5 in.

s1 cu 0.003
c 13.5 in.
0.00244
f cs1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00244
70.76 ksi f cs1 60 ksi
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Example
The tension steel
d c 22.5 in. 13.5 in.

s cu 0.003 0.002
c 13.5 in.
fs Es s 29000 ksi 0.002
58 ksi
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Example
Combined forces
Cc 0.85 f cba 0.85 7 ksi 25 in. 9.45 in.

1405.7 k
Cs1 Acs f cs 0.85 f c 7 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 7 ksi
378.35 k
T As f s 7 in 2 58 ksi
406.0 k
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Example
Combined force
Pn Cc Cs1 T
1405.7 k 378.35 k 406.0 k
1378.05 k
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Example
Moment is
h a h h
M n Cc Cs1 d T d
2 2 2 2
9.45 in.
1405.7 k 12.5 in.
2
378.35 k 12.5 in. 2.5 in.
406.0 k 22.5 in. 12.5 in.
18773 k-in
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Example
The eccentricity is
M n 18773 k-in
e
Pn 1378.05 k
13.62 in.
Since the e = 11.28 in. < 13.62 in. The section is in the
compression controlled region = 0.65. You will want
to match up the eccentricity with the design.
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Example
Check the values for c/d = 0.66
c 0.66d 0.66 22.5 in. 14.85 in.

a 1c 0.7 14.85 in. 10.395 in.
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Example
Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.
c d 14.85 in. 2.5 in.
s1 cu 0.003
c 14.85 in.
0.00249
f cs1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00249
72.35 ksi f cs1 60 ksi
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Example
The tension steel
d c 22.5 in. 14.85 in.

s cu 0.003
c 14.85 in.
0.00155
fs Es s 29000 ksi 0.00155
44.82 ksi
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Example
Combined forces
Cc 0.85 f cba 0.85 7 ksi 25 in. 10.395 in.

1545.26 k
Cs1 Acs f cs 0.85 f c 7 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 7 ksi
378.35 k
T As f s 7 in 2 44.82 ksi
313.74 k
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Example
Combined force
Pn Cc Cs1 T
1546.26 k 378.35 k 313.74 k
1610.9 k
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Example
Moment is
h a h h
M n Cc Cs1 d T d
2 2 2 2
10.395 in.
1545.26 k 12.5 in.
2
378.35 k 12.5 in. 2.5 in.
313.74 k 22.5 in. 12.5 in.
18205.2 k-in
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Example
The eccentricity is
M n 18205.2 k-in
e
Pn 1610.9 k
11.30 in.
Since the e 11.28 in. The reduction factor is equal to

= 0.65. Compute the design load and moment.
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Example
The design conditions are
Pu Pn 0.65 1610.9 k
1047.1 k 800 k OK!
M u M n 0.65 18205.2 k-in
11833.4 k-in. 9027.2 k-in. OK!
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Example
Design the ties
Provide #3 ties, spacing will be the minimum of:
48dstirrup 48 0.375 in. 18 in.

s smallest 16d bar 16 1.128 in. 18 in. controls
h 25 in.

Therefore, provide #3 ties @ 18 in. spacing.
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Using Interaction
Diagrams
Determine eccentricity. Select steel sizes.
Estimate column size Design ties by ACI
required base on axial code
load.
Design sketch
Determine e/h and
required Pn/Ag
Determine which chart
to use.
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Lecture 22

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Lecture 22 - Biaxial

The biaxial bending moments

Compute the nominal load, Pnx and assume second

Cc 0.85 5 ksi 16 in. 0.8c 54.4 c

Pn 54.4c 1.01c 2 187.7

Pn 54.4c 1.01c 2 187.7

and the definition: 21.5 in.

You are solving a cubic equation

This value is small relative to the others

Pn 54.4c 212.4 3.81 f s

So Pnx = 733.0 kips

Cc 0.85 5 ksi 24 in. 0.8c 81.6 c

Pn 81.6c 2.42c 2 173.07

and the definition: 13.5 in.

You are solving a cubic equation

This value is negative so it does not contribute

Pn 81.6c 212.4 3.81 f s

So Pnx = 684.6 kips

Pn 443.2 k Pu Pn 0.65 443.2 k 288.1 k

Slender = Column with a significant reduction in

A andB are the top and bottom factors of the

k 0.70 0.05 A B 1.0

A andB are the top and bottom factors of the

Max. factored sustain lateral load

o = first-order deflection due to Mo

OA - curve for end moment

k = effective length factor (function of end restraints)

and the stiffness, EI is taken as

The minimum allowable value of M2 is

M 2,min Pu 0.6 0.03h

The sway frame uses a similar technique, see the text

Therefore, use k = 0.81

kln 0.81 25 ft 12 in./ft

M 2,min Pu 0.6 0.03h 800 k 0.6 0.03 25 in.

The moment of inertia is

0.4 Ec I g 0.4 5.07x103 ksi 32552 in 4

M c ns M 2 1.04 8680 k-in. 9027.2 k-in.

Therefore the design conditions are

Pc 800 k & M c 9027.2 k-in.

As 0.02 25 in. 12.5 in

Use 14 # 9 bars or 14 in2

c 0.6d 0.6 22.5 in. 13.5 in.

c d 13.5 in. 2.5 in.

d c 22.5 in. 13.5 in.

Cc 0.85 f cba 0.85 7 ksi 25 in. 9.45 in.

c 0.66d 0.66 22.5 in. 14.85 in.

d c 22.5 in. 14.85 in.

Cc 0.85 f cba 0.85 7 ksi 25 in. 10.395 in.

Since the e 11.28 in. The reduction factor is equal to

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