PLENARY DISCUSSION

Group A2:

oZahra Nadya Habaallah 1610311005

oRefi Amalia Utami 1610311006
oYelvi Mila1610311007
oTamara Triningsih 1610311008
oAisyah1610312004
oLimomy Citra Anugrah L. 1610312005
oIntan Permata Sari Syafrudin 1610312006
oFareza Pradhitya 1610313004
oAinani Tajrian 1610313005
oRashif Hizbullah Arsya 1610313006
 STEP 1
(TERMINOLOGY)
1. Wet dreams: discharge during sleep that
only experienced by men signs of puberty
2. Menstruation: is the regular discharge of
blood andmucosal tissuefrom theinner
lining of the uterusthrough thevagina.
3. The hypothalamus: the brain consist of
the nucleus * with a range of functions that
are very sensitive to steroids, glucose
glucose and temperature kartekoid
4. Frigid: sexual disorder characterized by
sexual desire or libido is very low
5. Contraception: the method or device
used to prevent pregnancy
6. The fertile time: a period in which there
is a female sikulus mature eggs are ready
to be fertilized, also known as the time of
ovulation, a very important phase for the
couple to produce a new organism
 STEP 2 & 3
(Identifying and
analyzing
problems)
1. What is the mechanism of occurrence of wet dreams in boys?
Occurs when boys puberty, the formation of sperm in the testes, the
maturation of sperm in the vas deferens and in ejaculation and occur during
sleep,
Occurs early in puberty because of the lack of sexual activity

2. At what age boys and girls experiencing puberty?

Male average age of 12-15 years but there are several factors that cause
puberty faster terjdi
Women's average age of 10-15 years have been menstruating but there are
several factors that cause puberty faster terjdi

3. What is the mechanism of menstruation?

Menstruation occurs no-time period, caused by the egg is not fertilized then
decays along the uterine endometrium and its blood vessel cell eggs
4. A during the menstrual cycle?
There are 4 phases:
- Menstrual phase: the decay of a mature ovum that is not
fertilized simultaneously with endometrial wall torn
- Follicular phase: characterized by decreasing the hormone
progesterone to spur kel. For fsh secreting pituitary and
stimulate the follicles in the ovaries and estrogen hormone is
secreted back
- Phase ovulation or lutea: characterized by secretion of LH
which raced maturation of the ovum on the 14th day after the
first period, functional stratum ready
- post-ovulatory phase / secretion: characterized by the corpus
luteum shrink and disappear turned into a corpus albicans,
resulting in increased hormone progesterone
5. Any hormone that stimulates menstruari?
- GnRH triggers the anterior pituitary secrete FSH
- FSH
- LH
- Estrogen
- Progesterone

6. What is the hormone that affects gametogenesis?

Male (spermatogenesis)
- GnRH, ICSH,
- FSH stimulates the growth of sperm and the Sertoli cells produce
edndrogen
- LH stimulates the Leydig cells for secretion of testosterone
- teststeron
Women (oogenesis): FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone
7. How does the process of sperm formation?
spermatogenesis:
Primordial cell type A spermatogonial cells
(stem cells to form the other type B) type B
(become spermatids)
Spermiogenesis: changes in the form of a functional
one into the other functional forms

8. Since when sperm start in production and where?

Starting at the beginning of puberty (age 12-15
years) when FSH and LH have been able
meproduksi produced in the seminiferous tubules
testicular
9. When and where the ovum is made?
Ovum is made of birth was around 7 jt (end of the fifth
month of the embryo) is formed when the second month
the embryo and degenerated, at puberty live 400
thousand in the left and right ovary, maturation in the
ovaries

10. What was the result of a disorder of sexual hormones?

Women: menstruation stops
Gametogeneis process interrupted if severe can cause the
individual is infertile
Secondary physical development impaired
11. A secondary sex characteristics of both men and women?
Man :
- Growing mustache and beard and chest hair, rambut2 in the
armpits and around the genitals
- the lower tone
- Shoulder widening (field)
- Adam's apple growing
- skin tissue becoming more coarse and pores appear enlarged
- acne as it moves around the face
- began to appear oto2 that grow large and prominent
women:
- grow hair and armpits and around the genitals
- hips grew wider
- of menstruation
- developing breast
- skin tends to be smooth
- sound louder
12. What affects the appearance of the secondary characteristics at
puberty?
Hormones, environment, way of socializing, activity, genetic factors,
emotional disorders (children who often scolded triggers excessive
amounts of steroids), the frequency of sleep (for high growth)

13. Why are cases of infants who have multiple sex organs?
The cause is quite diverse, generally hiperklasi adrenalkongenital
CHA where the conditions
Partial androgen syndrome

14. What is the name of an abnormality in the scenario?

Hypospadias: urine through the bottom of the penis
double sex: syndrome
15. Why host a faithful wife less passionate in sexual
activity?
Because pramonopause period, the production of the
hormone estrogen decreases which serves as a signal to the
pituitary sender

16. What are the causes frigid in women?

Psychological factors: anxiety in women over dissatisfaction
on the couple, not like a mate, inner conflict, financial
difficulties that trigger stress, the traumatic, selfishness
husband
Physical: weak heart, diabetes, physical fatigue,
Physical symptoms are not visible
17. Why were there differences in expenditure male sperm
(speed)?
Male disparate levels of defense
Premature ejaculation: premature ejaculation due to
psychological factors: anxiety and stress; physical factors: an
interruption of blood, nerve trauma associated with the vital
tools such as spinal cord injury,
Extrenal factors: consumption of alcohol and drugs

18. How does the mechanism of ejaculation?

Ejaculation there are five phases:
- phase excitation
- flateum
- organismic
- resolution
- refractory
STEP 4
(SKEMA)
STEP 5
(Learning
Objective)
 The Student is able to :
1. Explain the differentiation the process of
spermato- genesis and oogenesis and factors.

2. Describe hormone for reproductive function of

men and women.

3. Explain the development of secondary sex in

men and women and factors.

4. Describe the reproductive cycle in the life of

men and women
5. Explain the monthly female cycle (cycle
of ovarian, endometrial cycle,
menstruation) and factors.

6. Explain sexual function (sexual act) in

men and women and factors.

7. Mention developmental abnormalities

and sexual function in men and woman.
STEP 6
LO 1
Gametogenesis
means formation of gametes (Sperm & Ova).
Spermatogenesis
Means formation of sperm ; male gametes.
Oogenesis
Means formation of ovum ; female gametes.
Sperm and ovum are highly specialized sex cells.

Both types possess three main phases:

1. Period of multiplication: The primordial germ cells multiply
by mitotic cell division giving rise to oogonia in case of
females and spermatogonia in case of males.

2. Period of growth: During these phase both oogonia (female

gamete) and spermatogonia (male gamete)
grow into primary oocyte or primary spermatocyte.
3. Period of maturation: In case of female, the primary
oocyte undergoes two meiotic cell division, the first
gives rise to secondary oocyte and primary polar
body. The secondary undergoes second meiotic
division giving rise to mature ova and secondary
polar body (mature ova leach oogonia).
In case of male, each primary spermatocyte divides
meiotically into secondary spermatocytes and intern
to spermatid (4 spermatid l each primary
spermatocyte).
Overview of Gross Anatomy of Male Reproductive System:
Testis
Male sex gland, Located in the Scrotum.
Produce Sperm and Androgens.
Have also the interstitial cells (leydeg cells) that produce
male sex hormone (testosterone)
Seminiferous tubules is the structural unit of testes., it have
the developmental phases of sperms in addition to Sertoli
cells.
Epididymis
Sperm Storage
Complete of sperm maturation.
Vas Deferens
Duct that transports the Sperm from the Scrotum to the Prostate
Gland
Seminal Vessicle
Secrets Fluid, rich in Fructose, to Semen
 Prostate Gland (Ejaculatory Duct)
Contributes Milky Alkaline Fluid that assists Sperm
Activation
Cowpers Gland [Bilbourethral Gland]
Contributes Mucus to Semen
Urethra (Penis)
Organ of Copulation
 SPERMATOGENESIS
The process of development of spermatids from the male
primordial germ cells and their differentiation into
spermatozoa.
Under stimulation anterior pituitary gonadotropic
hormones.

PROCESS :
1. The Primordial germ cells develop into spermatogonia.
There are two types of spermatogonia:
Type A: that divide by mitosis to provide a continuous
reserve of type B.
Type B: that enter spermatogenesis.
2.This occurs after puberty, and they remain in the wall of
the Seminiferous Tubule .

3.Spermatogonia form primary spermatocytes.

4.They remain in the prophase of 1st meiotic division for 16

days.

5. Each contains 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex

chromosome XY.

6.Then divides into two secondary spermatocytes. (Meiotic

div. completed).
7.Each secondary spermatocyte has equal cromosomes.
(22+X) or (22+Y).

8.Each of these divides again(2 nd meiotic div), thus forming

4 Spermatids.

9.Each containing equal cytoplasm and, HAPLOID

chromosomes

TWO with 23X & TWO with 23Y

Spermiogenesis

Spermatids undergo
morphological changes to form
spermatozoa
 Spermiation
The mature spermatozoa released from the protective
Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
and a process called spermiation then takes place, which
removes the remaining unnecessary cytoplasm and
organelles.

The resulting spermatozoa are now mature but lack

motility, rendering them sterile. The non-motile
spermatozoa are transported to the epididymis in
testicular fluid secreted by the Sertoli cells with the aid
of peristaltic contraction.
 In the epididymis they acquire motility and
become capable of fertilization. However,
transport of the mature spermatozoa through
the remainder of the male reproductive system
is achieved via muscle contraction rather than
the spermatozoon's recently acquired motility.
Structure Of The Sperm
The Head
has two important features.
1. The acrosome (derived from Golgi apparatus) contains
hydrolytic enzymes which are released when the sperm reaches
an ovum. These enzymes digest the outer membrane of the egg
(proteins and complex sugars) , allowing penetration of the
sperm.

2. The nucleus (haploid) contains a single set of chromosomes

derived from the male. This will include either an 'X' or 'Y'
chromosome, because of the way the XY separate during
meiosis.

In many species, a region of globular actin molecules lies

between 1&2 that used to extend a finger-like process during
early stages of Fertilization.
The Middle Section
behind the head, contains numerous mitochondria.
These respire sugars in the semen to generate ATP in
order to provide the energy for movement of the tail.

The Tail
(Flagellum) contains microfilaments running the
length of the tail (arranged in the usual 9 + 2 system
seen in Eukaryotic organisms). Rhythmic contraction
of the filaments causes the tail to wave and move
against the fluid environment, providing forward
motion.
 Female Genital System
The Ovary: female sex gland, produce ova.
The Uterus: in which the fetus develop.
 Oogenesis

Formation of female gametes, it means differentiation

of female primordial germ cell (oogonium) into mature
ovum.
Period of multiplication : in which oogonia(2N)
increased in the ovary through mitotic division.
Period of growth : oogonia (2N) grow to primary
oocytes (2N).
Period of maturation : primary oocytes (2N) enter
meioses to produce secondary oocytes (N) & first
polar body (N).
Then, complete the second meioses to form mature ova
(N) and 3 polar bodies.
 Oogenesis

A normal baby girl had about 2 million primary

oocytes in her ovaries.
By 7 years old about 300,000 remain, her body
reabsorbed the rest.
Only about 400 to 500 oocytes will be released
during her reproductive years.
Penetration of the sperm induces the secondary
oocyte and the first polar body to complete meiosis
II.
 DIFFERENCES

SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS

COMPLETES TWO MEIOTIC STOPS AT PROPHASE OF THE

DIVISIONS MEIOTIC DIVISION UNTIL
CREATES FOUR EQUAL OVULATION,
HAPLOID SPERMS AT THE TIME OF OVULATION,
THE OOCYTE GOES TO
METAPHASE OF SECOND
MEIOSIS.
IF NOT FERTLIZED, EGG
DEGENERATES

CREATES 1 OOCYTE AND 3

POLAR BODIES
LO 2
Steroid Hormones
The adrenal cortex secretes an entirely
different group of hormones, called
corticosteroids. These hormones are all
synthesized from the steroid cholesterol, and
they all have similar chemical formulas.

Adrenal cortex : Steroid, Cortisol,

Androgen
Male: Testosteron
Female : Estrogen dan progesteron
Testosterone
The testes secrete several male sex
hormones, which are collectively called
androgens, including testosterone,
dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione.
The testosterone is eventually converted into
the more active hormone
dihydrotestosterone in the target tissues.
Testosterone is formed by the interstitial cells
of Leydig, which lie in the interstices
between the seminiferous tubules.
unctions of Testosterone

Testosterone is responsible for the distinguishing

characteristics of the masculine body
During fetal life, the testes are stimulated by
chorionic gonadotropin from the placenta to
produce moderate quantities of testosterone
throughout the entire period of fetal development,
for the development of the male body
characteristics, including the formation of a penis
and a scrotum. Also, it causes formation of the
prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and male genital
ducts.
Testosterone causes the secondary sexual
characteristics of the male to develop, beginning at
puberty and ending at maturity.
stimulus of anterior
pituitary
Male Sexual Functions by Hormones from the
Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary Gland
Estradiol and
Progesterone
Estrogens
Only three estrogens are present in significant
quantities in the plasma of the human female: b-
estradiol, estrone, and estriol.
During pregnancy, tremendous quantities of estrogens
are also secreted by the placenta

Progestins.
By far the most important of the progestins is
progesterone.
However, small amounts of another progestin, 17-a-
hydroxyprogesterone, are secreted along with
progesterone and have essentially the same effects.
In the normal nonpregnant female, progesterone is
secreted in significant amounts only during the latter
half of each ovarian cycle, when it is secreted by the
unctions of the Estrogens
A primary function of the estrogens is to
cause cellular proliferation and growth of the
tissues of the sex organs and other tissues
related to reproduction.
Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and
External Female Sex Organs.
Effect of Estrogens on the Fallopian Tubes.
Effect of Estrogens on the Breasts.
Effect of Estrogens on the Skeleton.
Effect of Estrogens on Hair Distribution.
Effect of Estrogens on the Skin.
unctions of Progesterone

Effect of Progesterone on the Uterus

Effect of Progesterone on the Fallopian Tubes
Effect of Progesterone on the Breasts
LO 3
The development of men secondary
sex
The growth of pubic hair on top, along the linea alba, chest,
face, etc Testosteron
Baldness Lot of androgen
The lower the tone of voice Laryngeal mucosal
hypertrophy and enlargement of the larynx Testosteron
Roughness thickened skin and subcutaneous tissue,
increased secretion of the sebaceous glands acne
testosterone.
Increased muscle growth and protein production
Testosteron and other androgen
Narrowing of the inlet, lengthen the pelvis, causing pelvic-
shaped tunnel, and an increase in the strength of the pelvic
testosteron
 The development of women
secondary sex
Hair grows around the mons pubis
and axilla Androgen by adrenal
The skin becomes smooth and soft
esterogen
Enlarged breasts esterogen
Menstruation
Hips widen no testosteron
Sound louder
LO 4
 Womans Reproductive
cycle
MENSTRUATION:

the cyclical bleeding that stems from

the shedding of the uterine lining
humans ~ averages 28 days
regulated by estrogen & progesterone
ovulation may not occur each time
follows ovulation by 14 days (2)
MENARCHE:

the onset of menstruation,

the first period
the first few years of
menstruation may be
anovulatory (no ovulation)
MENOPAUSE:

the cessation of menstruation

commonly occurs between the
ages of 45 & 50 and lasts 2 years
estrogen levels drop producing
many unpleasant side effects
(ex. night sweats, hot flashes)
MAN-OPAUSE :

men cannot undergo

menopause because they have
never menstruated
they can experience a gradual
decline in testosterone levels
but it is unlike the sharp decline
of estrogen
DYSMENORRHEA:

mild to severe pain or

discomfort during menstruation
pelvic cramps, nausea,
headaches, backaches, bloating
LO 5
 Female Reproductive
System
D. Ovarian cycle (usually 28 days)
1. Follicular phase FSH begins
development of the follicle; days 1-13
2. Ovulation LH causes release of the
egg into the uterine tube; day 14
3. Luteal phase corpus luteum forms
from remains of Graafian follicle; days
15-28
A) produces estrogen and progesterone
in preparation for implantation &
inhibin to inhibit further follicle
 Female Reproductive
System
1) If no implantation occurs, corpus luteum
degenerates, hormone production ceases,
and menses & follicular maturation begin
a) The resulting structure is referred to as
the corpus albicans, which will
eventually degenerate
2) If implantation occurs, human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the
developing embryo to maintain the
corpus luteum until the placenta develops
 Female Reproductive
System
3. Secretory phase after ovulation;
uterine lining produces estrogen and
progesterone in preparation for
implantation; days 15-28
 Female Reproductive
System
A) If no implantation occurs, the cycle
starts over and menses begins again
B) If implantation occurs, the cycle will
stop until the end of the pregnancy
Menstrual Cycle Timeline
Menstrual Cycle Timeline
LO 6
Human Sexual Response

Masters and Johnson: four phases

Excitement/arousal
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution

1956-1966
 The sexual
response cycle
in humans
progresses
through four
phases:

Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
(climax)
Resolution
Excitation:
Vasocongestion: pelvic area receives more
blood in general, in particular to genitals.

Males: Females:
penile erection
scrotal sac thickens,
elevates
Both Sexes:
sex flush (can happen later)
heart rate, respiration rate
gradually increase
generalized myotonia
vaginal lubrication
glans clitoris enlarges (similar
to penile erection)
nipples erect (myotonia:
muscle contraction)
breasts enlarge
(vasocongestion
inner lips of vulva swell and
open, change in colour
(darker)
upper 2/3rds of vagina
balloons
cervix and uterus stand up:
tenting effect
angle of cervical opening
more receptive to sperm
 Plateau:
Both males and females continue
vasocongestion to max
Heart rate, respiration rate and
blood pressure continue to increase
Copious perspiration
Increased myotonia
Plateau (Contd)

Females:
orgasmic platform:
outer third of
vagina thickens,
swells: condition
sine qua non:
without it, no
orgasm
tenting complete
clitoris erect
Plateau (Contd)

Males:
Cowpers glands
secrete fluid
through tip of penis.
WARNING: may
contain live sperm!
scrotum even
higher and testicles
bigger
Orgasm:

Males: Two
stages:
contraction of
seminal vesicles,
vas and prostate
contraction of
urethra and
penis: ejaculation
Orgasm:

Females:
contractions of
orgasmic platform
contractions of
uterus
several orgasms
possible if
stimulation
continues
oxytocin
Orgasm:

Both:
very high heart rate,
blood pressure and
breathing
intense myotonia
Health Benefits Associated With
Orgasm
General Health
An orgasm at least once or twice per week
appears to strength the immune systems ability
to resist flu and other viruses
Pain Relief
Some women find that an orgasms release of
hormones and muscle contractions help relieve
the pain of menstrual cramps and raise pain
tolerance in general.
Better Sleep
The neurotransmitter dopamine, released during
orgasm, triggers a stress-reducing, sleep-inducing
response that may last up to two hours
 Lower Cancer Rate
Men who have more than five ejaculations per
week during their 20s have a significantly
lower rate of prostate cancer later in life
Mood Enhancement
Orgasms increase estrogen and endorphins,
which tend to improve mood and ward off
depression in women
Greater Feelings of Intimacy
The hormone oxytocin, which may play a role
in feelings of love and intimacy, increases
fivefold at orgasm
Emotional Changes During Orgasm
Based on EEG, MRI and PET scans done in
the lab while subjects having an orgasm.
General emotional response:
coded in limbic association area, especially prefrontal
cortex and cingulate gyrus.
Pleasure:
coded in basal forebrain, especially ventral tegmental
area and its dopaminergic stimulation of the reward
centres of the septal nuclei and the nucleus
accumbens.
Euphoria:
probably by assymetric cortical activation
The proportion and intensity of each varies
with each orgasm.
Resolution

Return to normal, muscles relax,

breathing etc. back to normal, blood
back to circulation from genitals.
Males
refractory period

EACH PHASE MUST BE FULLY

COMPLETED IN ORDER TO REACH
THE NEXT ONE
LO 7
 SEXUAL DISORDER
Influenced by
1. Experience
2. Environtment
3. Habit
4. Culture and religion
 1. Libido disorder
Its about mental and emotional which
is influenced by hormonal and
biological instinct.
Low libido is lack of libido, caused by
lack of testosteron, lack of sleep,
drugs, or stress.
Hight of libido is called sex maniac or
nymphomaniac.
 1. Libido disorder
1. Stimuly disorder = arousal
2. Orgasme disfunction
3. Dispareunia = lack of agina
secretion or dry
4. Vagnismus = cant do sexual
activity cause of vagina wrinkling.
5. Frigid
 Orgasme disfunction
1. Primar anorgasmia : can not feel
orgasm
2. Secondary anorgasmia : can feel
orgasm but not the climax
3. Orgasmia situational
4. Anorgasmia general : can not
orgasme wihth anybody in any
position
 2. Erectil disfunction
Erectil disfunction is called impotent when
penis can not full erection.
There are 3 types of erectil disfunction
1. Serious : when penis fail to do erection on
all chance and this condition related to other
disease diabetes or stroke.
2. Not serious : when a view chance, penis
fail to do erection and then it may cause
negative thinking and can be serious if uts
not treated.
Priapismus or priapism is a condition
which is the penis is erection in long
time without sexual stimulus, can be
number of hours.
 3. Orgasme disfunction
May caused by
1. Sexual obtruction
2. Psycological factor
3. Lact of stimuly
4. Too much serotonin hormon
 4. Ejaculate disfuction
Generally caused by psycological and
can be physics factors too.
1. Anejaculation
2. Retrogade ejaculation
3. Incomplete ejaculation
4. Premature ejaculation
5. Obstruction ejaculation
 5. The object
the differenciate between normal and
abnormal people is the abnormal one
like to do sexual activity via anal or
gender disorder like LGBT