TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson 1 The Reading Process

Lesson 2 Metacognitive Reading Strategies
Lesson 3 Levels of Comprehension
Lesson 4 Translating Reading into Writing (Process
Approach)
Lesson 5 Unity, Coherence, and Cohesion in
Paragraph Writing
 Lesson 1: The Reading Process
Reading is a process of translating letters and other
symbols into meaningful information for understanding
and use in everyday life. Readers use three schemas,
namely content schema, formal schema and linguistic
schema, in order to translate and understand text.
Schema Theory
Content Schema -
Formal Schema
Linguistic Schema
 Lesson 2: Metacognitive Reading
Strategies
Metacognition is the awareness and knowledge of
ones mental processes such that one can monitor,
regulate, and direct them to a desired goal.
Metacognition Reading Strategies
Prereading (Planning)
While Reading (Monitoring)
Post-reading (Evaluating)
 Lesson 3: Levels of Comprehension

Reading is thinking cued by written language. Effective readers

think within the text. Effective readers think beyond the text.
Effective readers think about the text.
Levels of Comprehension
Literal involves understanding of explicit ideas or identifying
main ideas and details used.
Interpretive the reader is able to make inferences, draw
conclusions, and predict outcomes from information not directly
stated.
Applied the reader is able to relate ones experiences to provide
an evaluation.
Lesson 4: Translating reading into
Writing
Writing is a mark of civilization
There is always a way out when you stumble
People live in a highly literate global society, which
involves reading and writing.
Process Approach
Prewriting Activities ( Brainstorming, Graphic
Organizers, Outlining)
Prewriting is the most important stage to break the
writers block. It involves BRAINSTORMING, LISTING,
CLUSTERING, INTERVIEWING, OR QUESTIONING,
FREEWRITING, AND LOOPING.
Lesson 5: Unity, Coherence and Cohesion in
Paragraph Writing
Unified, coherent and cohesion paragraphs make sense.
Good writers follow rules and standards.
Paragraph is a piece of writing that focuses on one topic or
idea. It usually consists of more than one sentence.
A single paragraph consists:
Topic Sentence the main point of the writer.
a) Topic what the paragraph is all about
b) Controlling idea expresses the writers opinion or attitude towards
the topic
Supporting details refers to the sentence that develop the main idea
of the paragraph. Writers usually use descriptions, examples and
explanations to support or prove the topic sentence.
 Conclusion/ Concluding statement the final sentence of
the paragraph. The purpose is to summarize the ideas, provide
comments or suggestions, and give the paragraph proper
closure.
Unity refers to how the writer developed the controlling
idea through the supporting details. For as long as each
and every detail can prove or support the main idea, the
paragraph is considered unified.
Coherence is another vital characteristic of a well-
written paragraph. A paragraph is considered
incoherent if there are sentences that are misplaces or
in the wrong order.
Cohesion refers to the smooth flow of ideas in the
paragraph. It is achieved when the writer can smoothly
 Cohesion in writing can be achieved through the following devices:
Lexical chains refers to the sequence of related words in writing sentences or
paragraphs. Example: The choir sang as the pianist played a series of familiar
Christmas carols, which created a melodious atmosphere inside the church
Cohesive nouns are single words that name an idea presented by the writer in the
preceding sentences. Example: Some families spend thousands of pesos during the
holiday season, Their expenses usually include food, gifts, and travels.
Pronoun reference another way to achieve cohesive writing, Basically, pronouns
are used to replace nouns. The word/ group of words that a pronoun are used to
replaces or refers to is called antecedent.
Ellipsis cohesive device. It is done by omitting a word or phrase and substituting
them with those dots. Example: Christine likes to go shopping during the Christmas
rush, but her best friend Anne hates to. (go shopping during Christmas rush)
Substitution it is achieved by replacing a word or an idea with a more general word.
Example: Students always look forward to a long, stress-free Christmas break. The
same as true to the working adults.
Conjunction - coordinators and subordinators which writers are able to connect ideas
logically.
Transitional words a writer can link one sentence to another smoothly by using
this. Example: first, also, as a result, for example, similarly, in summary.