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b
S dl S b S a V d
V
V da
S
a 2
1.5
10
1
5 b
0.5
a
0
0
Y
-5 -0.5
-10 -1
100
100 -1.5
50
50
-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 0 X
Curl
V da
S
V dl
P
Maxwells Equations
I. Gauss Law: relation between a charge distribution and the electric field
E field lines
+ -
point charge 1 q
E r r
4 0 r 2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 -
+
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Gauss Law (integral form)
q
S E da 0
da
E Gauss
+
q
Er da
S
0
q
Er 4r
2
0
1 q 1 q
Er E r r
4 0 r 2 4 0 r 2
q
S E da 0 V d V da
V S
q
V Ed 0
1
V Ed 0 V d
1 Gauss Law
E (differential form)
0
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 -
+
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
E field in some region described by:
E kr 3r
Find charge in a sphere R with int. and dif. forms.
q 1
S E da 0 E
0
1 2
q spherical divergence: r Er
kR da
3
r r
2
0
S 1 2 3 1
q r kr
kR 4R
3 2 r r
2
0
0
1
5kr 2
q 4 0 kR 5 0
5 0 kr 2 (insight!)
q d
V
R 2
q 0
5 kr 2
r 2
sin dr d d
0 0 0
q 5 0 k 15 R 5 2 2
q 4 0 kR 5
II. Gauss Law for Magnetism: relation between magnetic monopole
distribution and the magnetic field
B da 0
S
B 0
Faraday
emf 0
B
emf
t
Force on conduction electrons:
F
F
v
F q E v B
F
F
v
F q E v B
F q E v B
F
F
v
Stationary coil with moving B source:
v
F q E v B
v0
emf 0
In general:
B
emf
t
i
E
E
CE d l t SB da
Faradays Law
(integral form)
Apply Stokes Theorem:
V da
S
V dl
C
S E da t SB da
B
E
t
Faradays Law
(differential form)
IV. Amperes Law
B d l 0ienclosed
C
B More general:
i
B d l 0 J da
C S
Something is
missing..
Ampere Maxwell
Charging a capacitor
J da
B dl
C
S
- +
- +
- +
i - +
- +
Charging a capacitor
J da 0
S
B dl
C
- +
- +
- +
i - +
- +
Get Stoked:
B da 0 J E
S
S
t
0 da
Ampere-Maxwell Eqn.
B 0 J 0E (differential form)
t
Maxwells Equations in Free Space with
no free charges or currents
E 0
B 0
B Ampere Maxwell
E
t Your Name Gauss
Here!
Faraday
B 0 0 E
t