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AND THRIVING
TOWNS
Social science NPPT
IRON TOOLS AND
AGRICULTURE
Slaves : ADIMAI
WHO LIVED IN VILLAGES?
{PART 2}
IN THE NORTHERN PART OF INDIA
The village headman was known as the grama bhojaka.
The same men from the same generation held the post for many years.
The post was hereditary.
He was the largest landowner in the village.
He was powerful and the king often used him to collect taxes from the
village.
He also functioned as a judge and often a policeman.
WHO LIVED IN
VILLAGES? {PART 3}
IN THE NORTHERN PART OF INDIA {PART 2}
The independent farmers were known as
Grihapatis.
Most of the Grihapatis were smaller
landowners.
There were men known as Dasa and
Kammakara,who had no land of their own
and had to work in fields owned by others.
In most villages there were craft persons,
blacksmith, potter and weaver.
FINDING OUT ABOUT CITIES:
TRAVELERS, SCULPTURE AND ARCHEOLOGY.
Sculptors carved scenes and depicted peoples lives in towns and villages,
as well as in the forest.
Many of the cities that developed from about 2500 years ago were capitals
of mahajanapadas.
Mahajanapadas were surrounded by massive fortification walls.
In many cities rows of pots and ceramic rings have been found. They may
have been used as toilets and as drains and garbage dumps. They are
usually found in individual houses.
Another way of finding out about early cities is from the accounts of
sailors.one account is found written by a unknown Greek sailor. He
described all the ports he visited.
COINS
Archeologists have found several thousands of coins about 200
years ago.
The earliest coins that were in use were 500 years old and were
punch marked.
They were punched on to metals silver and gold.
CITIES WITH MANY
FUNCTIONS
MATHURA
Mathura has been an important settlement for more than 2500
years.
It is important as it was located at the cross roads of two major
routes of travel and trade from the from the northwest to the
east and north to south.
There were shrines and fortifications around the city.
Around 2000 years ago Mathura became the second capital of the
Kushanas.
Mathura was a religious center there were Buddhist
monasteries, Jaina shrines and it was a important center for the
worship of Krishna.
CITIES WITH MANY
FUNCTIONS
MATHURA {part 2}
Several inscriptions on surfaces such as
stone slabs and statues have been found
in Mathura.
Short inscriptions such as recording gifts
made by men and women to monasteries
and shrines which was made by kings,
queens, merchants, officers and craft
persons.
Theses inscriptions even mention about
goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket
makers, garland makers and perfumers.
CRAFTS AND
CRAFTS PERSONS
o Extremely fine pottery known as
northern black polished ware has
been found as archeological
evidence for crafts.
o It gets its name from the fact that
it is found in the northern part of
India.
o It is black in color and has a fine
sheen.
o We know from text that famous
cities of cloth manufacturing are
Varanasi in the north
Madurai in the south
CRAFTS AND CRAFT PERSONS
SHRENIS
The associations between craft persons and merchants is known as shrenis.