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1
Melting and Freezing
A substance:
Is melting while it changes from a solid to a liquid
Is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a solid
Such as water has a freezing (melting) point of 0C.
2
Calculations Using Heat of
Fusion
The heat of fusion:
Is the amount of heat released when 1 gram of
liquid freezes (at its freezing point).
Is the amount of heat needed to melt 1 gram of a
solid (at its melting point).
For water (at 0C) is
334 J
1 g water
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Calculation Using Heat of Fusion
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Learning Check
5
Solution
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Sublimation
Sublimation,
Occurs when particles
absorb heat to change
directly from solid to a
gas
Is typical of dry ice, which
sublimes at -78C
Takes place in frost-free
refrigerators
Is used to prepare freeze-
dried foods for long-term
storage
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Evaporation and Condensation
Water:
Evaporates when
molecules on the
surface gain sufficient
energy to form a gas
Condenses when gas
molecules lose energy
and form a liquid
8
Boiling
At boiling,
All the water molecules
acquire enough energy
to form a gas
Bubbles appear
throughout the liquid
9
Heat of Vaporization
The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat:
Absorbed to vaporize 1 g of a liquid to gas at the
boiling point
Released when 1 g of a gas condenses to liquid at
the boiling point
10
Heats of Vaporization and Fusion of
Polar and Nonpolar Compounds
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Learning Check
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Solution
13
Summary of Changes of State
14
Heating Curve
A heating curve,
Illustrates the changes
of state as a solid is
heated
Uses sloped lines to
show an increase in
temperature
Uses plateaus (flat lines)
to indicate a change of
state
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15
Learning Check
16
Solution
17
Cooling Curve
A cooling curve,
Illustrates the changes
of state as a gas is
cooled
Uses sloped lines to
indicate a decrease in
temperature
Uses plateaus (flat lines)
to indicate a change of
state
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18
Learning Check
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Solution
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Combined Heat Calculations
37C T = 37.0C - 0C =
37.0C
temperature increase
0C S L melting
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Combined Heat Calculations
(continued)
Step 2: Calculate the heat to melt ice (fusion).
250. g ice x 334 J = 83 500 J
1 g ice
Step 3: Calculate the heat to warm the water from
0C to 37.0C.
250. g x 37.0C x 4.184 J = 38 700 J
g C
Total: Step 2 + Step 3 = 122 200 J
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Learning Check
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Solution