Chapter 9

Energy and States of Matter

9.6
Changes of State

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1
Melting and Freezing

A substance:
Is melting while it changes from a solid to a liquid
Is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a solid
Such as water has a freezing (melting) point of 0C.

2
Calculations Using Heat of
Fusion
The heat of fusion:
Is the amount of heat released when 1 gram of
liquid freezes (at its freezing point).
Is the amount of heat needed to melt 1 gram of a
solid (at its melting point).
For water (at 0C) is
334 J
1 g water

3
Calculation Using Heat of Fusion

The heat to freeze (or melt) a specific mass of

water (or ice) is calculated using the heat of fusion.
Heat = g water x 334 J
1 g water
Problem: How much heat in joules is needed to
melt 15.0 g of water?

15.0 g water x 334 J = 5010 J

1 g water

4
Learning Check

A. How many joules are needed to melt 5.00 g of ice

at 0C?
1) 335 J 2) 1670 J 3) 0 J

B. How many joules are released when 25.0 g of

water at 0C freezes?
1) 335 J 2) 0 J 3) 8350 J

5
Solution

A. How many calories are needed to melt 5.00 g of ice

at 0C?
2) 1670 J 5.00 g x 334 J
1g

B. How many calories are released when 25.0 g of

water at 0C freezes?
3) 8350 J 25 g x 334 J
1g

6
Sublimation
Sublimation,
Occurs when particles
absorb heat to change
directly from solid to a
gas
Is typical of dry ice, which
sublimes at -78C
Takes place in frost-free
refrigerators
Is used to prepare freeze-
dried foods for long-term
storage

7
Evaporation and Condensation

Water:
Evaporates when
molecules on the
surface gain sufficient
energy to form a gas
Condenses when gas
molecules lose energy
and form a liquid

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8
Boiling

At boiling,
All the water molecules
acquire enough energy
to form a gas
Bubbles appear
throughout the liquid

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9
Heat of Vaporization
The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat:
Absorbed to vaporize 1 g of a liquid to gas at the
boiling point
Released when 1 g of a gas condenses to liquid at
the boiling point

Boiling Point of Water = 100C

Heat of Vaporization (water)
= 2260 J
1 g water

10
Heats of Vaporization and Fusion of
Polar and Nonpolar Compounds

11
Learning Check

How many kilojoules (kJ) are released when 50.0 g

of steam from a volcano condenses at 100C?
1) 113 kJ
2) 2260 kJ
3) 113 000 kJ

12
Solution

How many kilocalories (kcal) are released when

50.0 g of steam in a volcano condenses at 100C?
1) 113 kJ
50.0 g steam x 2260 J x 1 kJ = 113 kJ
1 g steam 1000 J

13
Summary of Changes of State

14
Heating Curve

A heating curve,
Illustrates the changes
of state as a solid is
heated
Uses sloped lines to
show an increase in
temperature
Uses plateaus (flat lines)
to indicate a change of
state
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15
Learning Check

A. A flat line on a heating curve represents:

1) a temperature change
2) a constant temperature
3) a change of state
B. A sloped line on a heating curve represents:
1) a temperature change
2) a constant temperature
3) a change of state

16
Solution

A. A flat line on a heating curve represents:

2) a constant temperature
3) a change of state

B. A sloped line on a heating curve represents:

1) a temperature change

17
Cooling Curve

A cooling curve,
Illustrates the changes
of state as a gas is
cooled
Uses sloped lines to
indicate a decrease in
temperature
Uses plateaus (flat lines)
to indicate a change of
state
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

18
Learning Check

Use the cooling curve for water to answer each.

A. Water condenses at a temperature of:
1) 0C 2) 50C 3) 100C
B. At a temperature of 0C, liquid water:
1) freezes 2) melts 3) changes to a gas
C. At 40C, water is a:
1) solid 2) liquid 3) gas
D. When water freezes, heat is:
1) removed 2) added

19
Solution

Use the cooling curve for water to answer each.

A. Water condenses at a temperature of:
3) 100C
B. At a temperature of 0C, liquid water:
1) freezes
C. At 40C, water is a:
2) liquid
D. When water freezes, heat is:
1) removed

20
Combined Heat Calculations

To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 250. g of

ice. If the ice (at 0C) melts and warms to body
temperature (37.0C), how many joules are
removed from the body?
Step 1: Diagram the changes.

37C T = 37.0C - 0C =
37.0C
temperature increase

0C S L melting

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Combined Heat Calculations
(continued)
Step 2: Calculate the heat to melt ice (fusion).
250. g ice x 334 J = 83 500 J
1 g ice
Step 3: Calculate the heat to warm the water from
0C to 37.0C.
250. g x 37.0C x 4.184 J = 38 700 J
g C
Total: Step 2 + Step 3 = 122 200 J

22
Learning Check

When a volcano erupts, 175 g of steam at 100C is

released. How many kilojoules are lost when the
steam condenses, freezes, and cools to -5C?
1) kJ
2) kJ
3) kJ

23
Solution

Steam condenses at 100C

175 g x 2260 J x 1 kJ = 396 kJ
1g 1000 J
Water cools 100C to 0C
175 g x 100C x 4.184 J x 1 kJ = 73.2 kJ
g C 1000 J
Freezes to ice at 0C:
175 g x 334 J x 1 kJ = 58.5 kJ
g 1000 J
Ice cools 0C to -5C
175 g x 5C x 2.03 J x 1 kJ = 1.78 kJ
g C 1000 J 529 kJ total
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